Integrated intelligent optoelectronic systems for neural interfacing: from optical stimulation to signal readout

Precise monitoring and stimulation of neural circuits are essential for elucidating the brain's cognitive mechanisms and for developing therapies for mental disorders. This review provides a systematic and up-to-date summary of integrated intelligent optogenetic brain-computer interfaces (OBCIs). It first reviews the evolution of optogenetic stimulation technologies from tethered systems to wireless systems and then discusses the advantages of each system. Then, the development of multifunctional optrodes that integrate optogenetic stimulation technologies and electrical recording is discussed. It also evaluates the transition from fiber photometry to head-mounted microscopic imaging for optical signal readout. Finally, it presents a clear vision of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven adaptive closed-loop neural interfaces and a well-structured strategic framework for future work, covering multimodal fusion and non-invasive modulation.