Broadband achromatic metasurface filter for apodization imaging in the visible

Li Zhu; Wang Changtao; Kong Weijie; Wang Yanqin; Guo Yinghui; Li Xiong; Ma Xiaoliang; Pu Mingbo; Luo Xiangang

doi:10.12086/oee.2021.200466

Article navigation > Opto-Electronic Engineering > 2021 Vol. 48 > No. 5 > 200466

Next Article Previous Article

Li Z, Wang C T, Kong W J, et al. Broadband achromatic metasurface filter for apodization imaging in the visible[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2021, 48(5): 200466. doi: 10.12086/oee.2021.200466

Citation:

Li Z, Wang C T, Kong W J, et al. Broadband achromatic metasurface filter for apodization imaging in the visible[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2021, 48(5): 200466. doi: 10.12086/oee.2021.200466

Broadband achromatic metasurface filter for apodization imaging in the visible

1.
State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
2.
School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
National Institute of Defense Technology Innovation, Academy of Military Sciences PLA China, Beijing 100071, China

Fund Project: National Natural Science Foundation of China (61905073, 61875253, 61675207) and Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2019371)

More Information

^*Corresponding author: Luo Xiangang. E-mail: lxg@ioe.ac.cn

Received Date 18 December 2020

Revised Date 25 March 2021

Published Date 15 May 2021

Abstract

Abstract

Apodization has found many important applications in imaging and optical communication. Traditional apodization methods are based on the phase or amplitude modulation, suffering from either narrow working bandwidth, or reduced spatial resolution. Here, a broadband achromatic metasurface filter is proposed to realize apodization imaging without sacrificing the spatial resolution. With this filter, a nearly dispersionless phase modulation in the entire visible waveband can be achieved. The simulated results indicate that the focusing efficiency of the metasurface filter is twice larger than that of the phase filter and the imaging contrast can be improved by three times with the metasurface filter compared to the Gaussian filter. The sidelobes in the point spread function can also be efficiently suppressed to the scale of 10^-5 in the whole visible spectrum ranging from 400 nm to 700 nm with our design. Additionally, the resolution of diffraction limit or even sub-diffraction can be achieved with this method.
- apodization /
- broadband /
- dispersionless /
- metasurface

FullText(HTML)

References

[1]	Goodman J W. Introduction to Fourier Optics[M]. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill, 1968. Google Scholar
[2]	Watson S M, Mills J P, Gaiser S L, et al. Direct imaging of nonsolar planets with infrared telescopes using apodized coronagraphs[J]. Appl Opt, 1991, 30(22): 3253–3262. doi: 10.1364/AO.30.003253 CrossRef Google Scholar
[3]	Xu X J, Narayanan R M. Enhanced resolution in SAR/ISAR imaging using iterative sidelobe apodization[J]. IEEE Trans Image Process, 2005, 14(4): 537–547. doi: 10.1109/TIP.2004.841198 CrossRef Google Scholar
[4]	Kunath W, Zemlin F, Weiss K. Apodization in phase-contrast electron microscopy realized with hollow-cone illumination[J]. Ultramicroscopy, 1985, 16(2): 123–138. doi: 10.1016/0304-3991(85)90068-3 CrossRef Google Scholar
[5]	Kasdin N J, Vanderbei R J, Spergel D N, et al. Extrasolar planet finding via optimal apodized-pupil and shaped-pupil coronagraphs[J]. Astrophys J, 2003, 582(2): 1147–1161. doi: 10.1086/344751 CrossRef Google Scholar
[6]	Cheng R, Chrostowski L. Apodization of silicon integrated Bragg gratings through periodic phase modulation[J]. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron, 2020, 26(2): 8300315. Google Scholar
[7]	Slepian D. Analytic solution of two apodization problems[J]. J Opt Soc Am, 1965, 55(9): 1110–1115. doi: 10.1364/JOSA.55.001110 CrossRef Google Scholar
[8]	Carlotti A, Vanderbei R, Kasdin N J. Optimal pupil apodizations of arbitrary apertures for high-contrast imaging[J]. Opt Express, 2011, 19(27): 26796–26809. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.026796 CrossRef Google Scholar
[9]	Kenworthy M A, Codona J L, Hinz P M, et al. First on-sky high-contrast imaging with an apodizing phase plate[J]. Astrophys J, 2007, 660(1): 762–769. doi: 10.1086/513596 CrossRef Google Scholar
[10]	Guyon O. Phase-induced amplitude apodization of telescope pupils for extrasolar terrestrial planet imaging[J]. Astron Astrophys, 2003, 404(1): 379–387. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20030457 CrossRef Google Scholar
[11]	Luo X G. Subwavelength optical engineering with metasurface waves[J]. Adv Opt Mater, 2018, 6(7): 1701201. doi: 10.1002/adom.201701201 CrossRef Google Scholar
[12]	Pu M B, Li X, Guo Y H, et al. Nanoapertures with ordered rotations: symmetry transformation and wide-angle flat lensing[J]. Opt Express, 2017, 25(25): 31471–31477. doi: 10.1364/OE.25.031471 CrossRef Google Scholar
[13]	Zhang F, Pu M B, Li X, et al. Extreme-angle silicon infrared optics enabled by streamlined surfaces[J]. Adv Mater, 2021, 33(11): 2008157. doi: 10.1002/adma.202008157 CrossRef Google Scholar
[14]	张飞, 郭迎辉, 蒲明博, 等. 基于非对称光子自旋—轨道相互作用的超构表面[J]. 光电工程, 2020, 47(10): 200366. doi: 10.12086/oee.2020.200366 CrossRef Google Scholar Zhang F, Guo Y H, Pu M B, et al. Metasurfaces enabled by asymmetric photonic spin-orbit interactions[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2020, 47(10): 200366. doi: 10.12086/oee.2020.200366 CrossRef Google Scholar
[15]	崔建华, 马晓亮, 蒲明博, 等. 弱手性超表面中的超常极化旋转[J]. 光电工程, 2020, 47(7): 190052. doi: 10.12086/oee.2020.190052 CrossRef Google Scholar Cui J H, Ma X L, Pu M B, et al. Extraordinary strong optical rotation in weak chiral metasurface[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2020, 47(7): 190052. doi: 10.12086/oee.2020.190052 CrossRef Google Scholar
[16]	代成伟, 闫超, 曾庆玉, 等. 一种新型贝塞尔光束器件的设计方法[J]. 光电工程, 2020, 47(6): 190190. doi: 10.12086/oee.2020.190190 CrossRef Google Scholar Dai C W, Yan C, Zeng Q Y, et al. A method of designing new Bessel beam generator[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2020, 47(6): 190190. doi: 10.12086/oee.2020.190190 CrossRef Google Scholar
[17]	Naserpour M, Zapata-Rodríguez C J, Díaz-Aviñó C, et al. Ultrathin high-index metasurfaces for shaping focused beams[J]. Appl Opt, 2015, 54(25): 7586–7591. doi: 10.1364/AO.54.007586 CrossRef Google Scholar
[18]	Hashemi M, Moazami A, Naserpour M, et al. Amplitude modulation technique for designing metalenses with apodized and enhanced resolution focal spots[J]. Opt Commun, 2017, 393: 77–82. doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2017.02.032 CrossRef Google Scholar
[19]	Ma X L, Pu M B, Li X, et al. All-metallic wide-angle metasurfaces for multifunctional polarization manipulation[J]. Opto-Electron Adv, 2019, 2(3): 180023. Google Scholar
[20]	Dou K H, Xie X, Pu M B, et al. Off-axis multi-wavelength dispersion controlling metalens for multi-color imaging[J]. Opto-Electron Adv, 2020, 3(4): 190005. Google Scholar
[21]	Jin J J, Pu M B, Wang Y Q, et al. Multi-channel vortex beam generation by simultaneous amplitude and phase modulation with two-dimensional metamaterial[J]. Adv Mater Technol, 2017, 2(2): 1600201. doi: 10.1002/admt.201600201 CrossRef Google Scholar
[22]	Berry M V. The adiabatic phase and pancharatnam's phase for polarized light[J]. J Mod Opt, 1987, 34(11): 1401–1407. doi: 10.1080/09500348714551321 CrossRef Google Scholar
[23]	Chen X Z, Huang L L, Mühlenbernd H, et al. Dual-polarity plasmonic metalens for visible light[J]. Nat Commun, 2012, 3: 1198. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2207 CrossRef Google Scholar
[24]	Luo X G, Pu M B, Li X, et al. Broadband spin Hall effect of light in single nanoapertures[J]. Light: Sci Appl, 2017, 6(6): e16276. doi: 10.1038/lsa.2016.276 CrossRef Google Scholar
[25]	Hasman E, Kleiner V, Biener G, et al. Polarization dependent focusing lens by use of quantized Pancharatnam–Berry phase diffractive optics[J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2003, 82(3): 328–330. doi: 10.1063/1.1539300 CrossRef Google Scholar
[26]	Li X, Chen L W, Li Y, et al. Multicolor 3D meta-holography by broadband plasmonic modulation[J]. Sci Adv, 2016, 2(11): e1601102. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1601102 CrossRef Google Scholar
[27]	Liu H T, Yan Y B, Tan Q F, et al. Theories for the design of diffractive superresolution elements and limits of optical superresolution[J]. J Opt Soc Am A, 2002, 19(11): 2185–2193. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.19.002185 CrossRef Google Scholar
[28]	Jin N B, Rahmat-Samii Y. Advances in particle swarm optimization for antenna designs: real-number, binary, single-objective and multiobjective implementations[J]. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag, 2007, 55(3): 556–567. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2007.891552 CrossRef Google Scholar
[29]	Zheng G X, Mühlenbernd H, Kenney M, et al. Metasurface holograms reaching 80% efficiency[J]. Nat Nanotech, 2015, 10(4): 308–312. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2015.2 CrossRef Google Scholar

Overview

Overview

Overview: Apodization is an effective way to relieve the influence of sidelobes in the point spread function of an imaging system, and has found many significant applications in imaging and optical communication, such as the coronagraphs in astronomical field and spectral tailoring in silicon integrated Bragg grating devices. Traditional apodization methods are based on the phase or amplitude modulation. By introducing mask with specially designed transmittance or diffractive optical element to the pupil plane of an imaging system, the sidelobes in the diffraction pattern are well suppressed so that weak details can be distinguished. However, these methods suffer from either narrow working bandwidth or reduced spatial resolution. Recently, as one kind of artificially structured materials, the metasurfaces have drawn much attention because they can manipulate light field at the subwavelength scale. Among them, the metasurface based on the geometric phase principle has been applied in achromatic imaging, broadband hologram, orbit angular momentum beam, and so on, which provides a new approach to modulate the electromagnetic field flexibly in a broadband spectrum. Benefiting from the broadband dispersionless phase modulation, the metasurface also brings another access for apodization imaging. In this paper, a metasurface apodization filter is proposed to realize broadband achromatic apodization imaging. With this filter, the nearly dispersionless phase modulation in the entire visible waveband can be achieved. The simulated results indicate that, compared to phase apodization filter, the working bandwidth can be improved from 10 nm to 300 nm with metasurface apodization filter. Moreover, the focusing efficiency of metasurface apodization filter is twice larger than that of the phase apodization filter. The sidelobes in the point spread function can be efficiently suppressed to the scale of 10^-5 with our design, which helps to resolving point-objects with large intensity contrast. Additionally, the resolution of diffraction limit or even sub-diffraction can be achieved with increased imaging contrast by using this method compared to traditional Gaussian apodization filter. The metasurface apodization filter offers a promising alternative for apodization imaging and potentially promotes further developments in the field like astronomical observation, spectrum detection, and optical communication.