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Huang HZ, Chen HX, Liu HG et al. High-intensity spatial-mode steerable frequency up-converter toward on-chip integration. Opto-Electron Sci 3, 230036 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oes.2024.230036
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High-intensity spatial-mode steerable frequency up-converter toward on-chip integration
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Abstract
Integrated photonic devices are essential for on-chip optical communication, optical-electronic systems, and quantum information sciences. To develop a high-fidelity interface between photonics in various frequency domains without disturbing their quantum properties, nonlinear frequency conversion, typically steered with the quadratic (χ2) process, should be considered. Furthermore, another degree of freedom in steering the spatial modes during the χ2 process, with unprecedent mode intensity is proposed here by modulating the lithium niobate (LN) waveguide-based inter-mode quasi-phase-matching conditions with both temperature and wavelength parameters. Under high incident light intensities (25 and 27.8 dBm for the pump and the signal lights, respectively), mode conversion at the sum-frequency wavelength with sufficient high output power (−7 – 8 dBm) among the TM01, TM10, and TM00 modes is realized automatically with characterized broad temperature (ΔT ≥ 8 °C) and wavelength windows (Δλ ≥ 1 nm), avoiding the previous efforts in carefully preparing the signal or pump modes. The results prove that high-intensity spatial modes can be prepared at arbitrary transparent wavelength of the χ2 media toward on-chip integration, which facilitates the development of chip-based communication and quantum information systems because spatial correlations can be applied to generate hyperentangled states and provide additional robustness in quantum error correction with the extended Hilbert space. -
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References
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Supplementary information for High-intensity spatial-mode steerable frequency up-converter toward on-chip integration
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Huang HZ, Chen HX, Liu HG et al. High-intensity spatial-mode steerable frequency up-converter toward on-chip integration. Opto-Electron Sci 3, 230036 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oes.2024.230036
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Figure 1.
(a) Geometric of the prepared Z-cut PPMgLN waveguide with a poling period of 10.2 μm, where w= 11.2 μm, h1 = 10.9 μm, h2 = 0.5 μm, and θ = 75.1°. (b) Characteristic mode profiles of the SFG light at 25°C, described by the y-component of the electric field, where the arrows indicate directions of the electric field. (c) Effective indices for the TM modes of the SFG light, as the functions of the waveguide temperature. (d–f) Theoretical conversion efficiencies (CEs) by coupling among TM00, TM01, TM10, and TM11 modes of the high-intensity pump and signal lights for the SFG lights with (d) TM00. (e) TM01, and (f) TM10 modes, respectively. (g) Predicted temperature conditions for producing the TM00 (F00, cyan area), TM10 (F10, red area), and TM01(F01, blue area) modes of the SFG light by comparing the maximum CE.
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Figure 2.
(a) Schematic of the temperature/wavelength-dependent spatial mode steerable SFG device. (b) In the temperature steering scheme, the detected up-conversion lights with (i) TM01, (ii) TM10, and (iii) TM00 modes at 30°C, 40°C, and 60°C, respectively, on a white broad. (c) In the wavelength steering scheme, the detected SFG lights with (i) TM00, (ii) TM01, and (iii) TM10 modes at 597.46, 597.99, and 598.41 nm, respectively, on a white broad. (d) Microscope image of the fabricated PPMgLN waveguide array on an LT wafer (Inset: detail profile of the third waveguide). (e) Cross-section view of the fifth waveguide selected in the experiments. (f) The fabricated polling structure with a period of 10.2 μm. EDFLs, Erbium-ion doped fiber laser system; SM LD, single-mode fiber-coupled diode laser; WDM, wavelength division multiplexer; CLEN, collimating lens; ASL, aspherical lens; TEC, thermoelectric cooler.
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Figure 3.
Characterizing the temperature-dependent spatial mode steering scheme in the SFG waveguide. (a) Power curves of the waveguide at typical temperatures of 35 °C, 45 °C, 55 °C, and 65 °C. (b) Evolution in SFG power under the maximum incident pump power of 27.8 dBm, in which the gray color denotes the regions without clear TM01, TM10, or TM00 modes. (c) Experimental efficiency (ηexp = 100·PF/PP/PS) and theoretical efficiency (ηcal = max(ηFjk, ηFjk, ηFjk)) of the inter-mode up-conversion process. (d) Temperature windows for preparing mode TM01, TM10, and TM00, where state1 and state2 denote the transition process from TM10 to TM01 and TM01 to TM00, respectively. (e) Mode profiles captured by the CCD camera to tell the exact modes during rising the waveguide temperature. (f) Evolutions in the SFG wavelength during the spatial mode steerable SFG process.
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Figure 4.
Transition states from two-mode coupling (first state), three-mode coupling (second state), to quasi TM00 mode (third state). (a–c) Evolutions of the (a) inter-mode QPM efficiency (sinc(ΔKL/2)), (b) integral, and (c) conversion efficiency for TM00, TM10, and TM01, respectively. (d–f) Typical mixing mode pattern in the (d) first state, (e) second state, and (f) third state, respectively, where the upper picture is experimentally captured by a CCD camera, and the bottom picture is reproduced based on Eq. (3) with I= |EF|2.
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Figure 5.
Characterizing the wavelength-dependent spatial mode steering scheme in the SFG waveguide. (a, b) The changed SFG wavelength by increasing the signal wavelength from 1546 to 1556 nm: (a) spectral profiles, (b) fitted slop rate ΔλP/ΔλS = 0.14; (c) at waveguide temperature of 25 °C, the evolution of the spatial mode from TM00 to TM10, TM10 to TM01, and TM01 to TM10.
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Figure 6.
(a) Evolution in SFG power at varied waveguide temperature under an incident pump and signal powers of 25.1 and 27.8 dBm, respectively, where characterized regions for the TM00, TM01, and TM10 modes are denoted with cyan, red, and blue colors, respectively. (b) Wavelength windows for preparing the spatial mode during red shifting the SFG wavelength.
