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Yin SY, Guo Q, Liu SR et al. Three-dimensional multichannel waveguide grating filters. Opto-Electron Sci 3, 240003 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oes.2024.240003
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Abstract
Distributed fiber gratings exhibit outstanding capabilities in achieving a wide spectral response through the superimposition of gratings with different periods in the fiber core. This significantly broadens the design flexibility and potential applications of fiber gratings. However, as photons pass through gratings with varying periods in sequence, which not only inevitably existing signal crosstalk but also poses challenges for integrating. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) four-channel filter is proposed and realized in fiber-compatible materials using femtosecond laser writing. The filter consists of a 3D beam splitter and four parallel different-period Bragg waveguide gratings (WGs). By designing grating periods in each path, parallel filtering and reflection at multiple designed wavelengths are achieved compactly with 50 nm spectrum spacing within1450 –1600 nm wavelengths. The four-channel filter entire measures 15.5 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm (the highest integration of distributed fiber gratings reported so far). Our technique will augment the laser fabrication technology for 3D integrated photonic devices and serve as a powerful and generalized solution for highly integrated in-situ measurement and multi-parameter decoupled sensing. -
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References
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Supplementary Information
Supplementary information for Three-dimensional multichannel waveguide grating filters
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Yin SY, Guo Q, Liu SR et al. Three-dimensional multichannel waveguide grating filters. Opto-Electron Sci 3, 240003 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oes.2024.240003
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Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of a 3D integrated multichannel WG filter: (a) 1:1 planar beam splitter. (b) 1:1 3D beam splitter. (c) WGs arranged in parallel with different periods. (d) Schematic of the filter attached to the ruler.
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Figure 2.
Images of the 3D waveguide beam splitter cross-section under a microscope, mode energy distribution map, and mode energy extraction curve. (a) Microscope image of the polished cross-section of the waveguide splitter with four waveguides. (b) Energy distribution map of the optical mode field for the one-to-four beam splitter. (c) Lateral and longitudinal intensity extraction curves of the mode field in figure (b).
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Figure 3.
Relationships between different laser exposure parameters and exposure point sizes. (a) Optical microscope images are shown after single-point exposure with varying laser single-pulse energy and exposure time at a depth of 170 μm inside the material. (b) The extracted exposure spot profiles are plotted concerning the change in laser exposure time. (c) The extracted exposure spot profiles are plotted concerning the change in laser single-pulse energy.
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Figure 4.
Optical microscope images of the WG under various laser writing conditions, intensity extraction curves of the grating images, and the Fourier transform frequency spectrum curves of the intensity curves. The red lines on the left depict a partial microscopic view of the WG and its intensity extraction curve. The blue lines on the right depict the spectrum curve after performing a Fourier transformation on the intensity curve. (a) Single straight waveguide without grating. (b) Third-order grating with single-pulse energy of 480 nJ and exposure time of 1 ms. (c) Third-order grating with single-pulse energy of 480 nJ and exposure time of 25 ms. (d) Third-order grating with single-pulse energy of 300 nJ and exposure time of 1 ms. (e) Third-order grating with single-pulse energy of 540 nJ and exposure time of 1 ms.
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Figure 5.
Effects of different parameters on the optical properties of the gratings: (a) laser exposure time, (b) single-pulse energy, and (c) grating order on the reflectivity and 3dB-bandwidth of the BG reflection spectrum.
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Figure 6.
Reflectance spectrum of the 3D integrated multi-channel WG filter. (a) Experimental and (b) Simulation result. The center wavelength of four magnified views was
1450 ,1500 ,1550 , and1600 nm, respectively.
