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Xiao TX, Tu S, Liang SZ, Guo RJ, Tian T et al. Solar cell-based hybrid energy harvesters towards sustainability. Opto-Electron Sci 2, 230011 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oes.2023.230011
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Solar cell-based hybrid energy harvesters towards sustainability
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Abstract
Energy harvesting plays a crucial role in modern society. In the past years, solar energy, owing to its renewable, green, and infinite attributes, has attracted increasing attention across a broad range of applications from small-scale wearable electronics to large-scale energy powering. However, the utility of solar cells in providing a stable power supply for various electrical appliances in practical applications is restricted by weather conditions. To address this issue, researchers have made many efforts to integrate solar cells with other types of energy harvesters, thus developing hybrid energy harvesters (HEHs), which can harvest energy from the ambient environment via different working mechanisms. In this review, four categories of energy harvesters including solar cells, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), and thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are introduced. In addition, we systematically summarize the recent progress in solar cell-based hybrid energy harvesters (SCHEHs) with a focus on their structure designs and the corresponding applications. Three hybridization designs through unique combinations of TENG, PENG, and TEG with solar cells are elaborated in detail. Finally, the main challenges and perspectives for the future development of SCHEHs are discussed. -
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References
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Xiao TX, Tu S, Liang SZ, Guo RJ, Tian T et al. Solar cell-based hybrid energy harvesters towards sustainability. Opto-Electron Sci 2, 230011 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oes.2023.230011
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Figure 1.
Outline illustration of the review of SCHEHs.
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Figure 2.
Photovoltaic effect-based energy harvester. (a) Schematic illustration of the photovoltaic effect-based energy harvester44. (b) Simplified scheme presenting the Cl-containing alloy-mediated sequential vacuum deposition approach65. (c) Schematic architecture of the flexible OSCs (left), J-V curves of a typical single-junction device (D1:A1) based on FlexAgNEs and ITO glass electrodes (middle), J-V curves of a typical tandem device (D2:A2/D1:A1:A4) based on FlexAgNEs and ITO electrodes (right)66. (d) Scheme of the solution ligand exchange process67. (e) Schematic diagram of perovskite/SHJ tandem solar cell69. (f) Maximum power point tracking of encapsulated tandem solar cells in air. Inset is the photograph of the encapsulated device69. (g) Schematic overview of the MAPHEUS-8 sounding rocket flight. Inset is the different illumination states70. (h) Scatter plot showing the Jsc evolution and flight-altitude (black line) during micro-gravity70. Figure reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.44, Copyright © 2019 John Wiley and Sons; (b) ref.65, Copyright © 2022 AAAS; (c) ref.66, Copyright © 2019 Springer Nature; (d) ref.67, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License; (e, f) ref.69, Copyright © 2023 John Wiley and Sons. (g, h) ref.70, Copyright © 2020 Elsevier.
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Figure 3.
Triboelectric effect-based energy harvester. (a) Schematic illustration of the triboelectric effect-based nanogenerator44. (b) Variation of current and power of the TENG-flag with external load resistances and the output performances of the TENG-flag (the woven unit is 1.5 × 1.5 cm2, and the degree of tightness is 1.09) at a 22 m s-1 wind speed78. (c) Voltage profiles of the button battery charged by TENG-flag and galvanostatically discharged at 1 μA78. (d) Schematic diagram of the spherical TENG with spring-assisted multilayered structure floating on water, and schematic representation enlarged structure for the zigzag multilayered TENG with five basic units79. (e) Schematic diagram of the folded elastic strip-based TENG80. (f) Schematic diagram (left) and photographs (middle) of the wearable all-fiber TENG, as well as hundreds of LEDs powered by the TENG81. Figure reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.44, Copyright © 2019 John Wiley and Sons; (b, c) ref.78, Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society; (d) ref.79, Copyright © 2018 John Wiley and Sons; (e) ref.80, Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society; (f) ref.81, Copyright © 2015 Elsevier.
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Figure 4.
Piezoelectric effect-based energy harvester. (a) Schematic illustration of the piezoelectric effect-based nanogenerator44. (b) Schematic structure (left), output voltage (middle), and output current (right) of the lateral-nanowire-array integrated nanogenerator85. (c) Schematic diagram of the fabrication process (left) and the photograph (right) of a high-efficient, flexible, and large-area PZT thin film-based NG using the LLO method86. (d) Schematic images (left and middle) and the corresponding output voltage (right) of the flexible nanogenerator under the finger movement87. (e) Fabrication process (left), SEM image (top), and output current (bottom) of the piezoelectric PVDF nanogenerator88. (f) SEM image and the schematic structure of the PZT-PDMS energy harvester89. Figure reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.44, Copyright © 2019 John Wiley and Sons; (b) ref.85, Copyright © 2010 Springer Nature; (c) ref.86, Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons. (d) ref.87, Copyright © 2015 Elsevier. (e) ref.88, Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society. (f) ref.89, Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society.
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Figure 5.
Thermoelectric effect-based energy harvester. (a) Schematic illustration of the thermoelectric effect-based generator44. (b) Practical TE generators connecting large numbers of junctions in series to increase operating voltage and spread heat flow23. (c) Honda prototype TEG exhaust heat recovery system97. (d) Schematic illustration (left) and photographs (right) of the complete TEG device on pipe98. (e) Structure of the proposed lateral Y type FTEGs101. (f) Practical applications of the fabricated dual-functional sensor as electronic skins103. (g) Sketch of the sample preparation of a solution-processable all-polymer TEG110. (h) Performances (left), as well as photographs of the undoped (top) and 40 wt% doped (bottom) thin-film TEGs110. Figure reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.44, Copyright © 2019 John Wiley and Sons; (b) ref.23, Copyright © 2008 AAAS; (c) ref.97, Copyright © 2016 Elsevier; (d) ref.98, Copyright © 2017 Elsevier; (e) ref.101, Copyright © 2018 Elsevier. (f) ref.103, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (g, h) ref.110, Copyright © 2020 John Wiley and Sons.
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Figure 6.
SCHEHs based on solar cell and triboelectric nanogenerator. (a) Schematic illustration and the photograph of the hybrid energy harvester112. (b) Architecture of the hybrid TENG/Si tandem solar cell113. (c) Schematic illustration of the flexible hybrid energy harvesting system114. (d) Scheme of the configuration of the TENG fabrics and the fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cell (top), as well as output current of the hybrid energy-harvesting device115. (e) Schematic illustration (left) and the working principle (right) of the raindrop-solar hybrid energy harvester with embedded charge-storage layer116. (f) Photographs and the schematic illustration of the synergistic solar and raindrop hybrid energy harvester117. (g) Schematic diagram of the multifunctional hybrid device118. (h) Schematic illustration of the self-powered environmental visualized system (left), and alterable colored LED showing different light at different environment (right)118. Figure reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.112, Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society; (b) ref.113, Copyright © 2021 Elsevier; (c) ref.114, Copyright © 2020 Elsevier. (d) ref.115, Copyright © 2016 John Wiley and Sons. (e) ref.116, Copyright © 2022 Elsevier; (f) ref.117, Copyright © 2022 Elsevier; (g, h) ref.118, Copyright © 2021 Elsevier.
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Figure 7.
SCHEHs based on solar cell and piezoelectric nanogenerator. (a) Schematic structure of a serially integrated hybrid cell119. (b) Schematic illustration of a compact hybrid cell120. (c) Schematic illustration (left) and the photograph (right) of the tree shaped hybrid nanogenerator121. (d) Output voltage of the hybrid cell when the pressure is applied periodically at an interval of 3.0 s for an extended period of 1.0 s122. (e) Schematic illustration of a composite photovoltaic/PENG film123. (f) Output performance (left) and schematic illustration (middle and right) of the hybrid device with the bending instrument124. (g) Experimental configuration of the parallel hybrid power system125. Figure reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.119, Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society; (b) ref.120, Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons; (c) ref.121, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License; (d) ref.122, Copyright © 2015 Elsevier; (e) ref.123, Copyright © 2020 Springer Nature; (f) ref.124, Copyright © 2022 Springer Nature; (g) ref.125, Copyright © 2021 Springer Nature.
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Figure 8.
SCHEHs based on solar cell and thermoelectric generator. (a) Schematic of the PV-TE hybrid power system128. (b) Hybrid system efficiency vs. cutoff wavelength for different concentration ratio (h = 10000 W/m2 K-1)127. (c) Comparison of the efficiency between the PV-only system and the PV-TE hybrid system127. (d) Schematic illustration of the hybrid generation system129. (e) Schematic illustration (left), and electron energy band diagram of the PSC-TE hybrid device130. (f) Schematic cross section of ZnO nanowires/CIGS solar cell connected to the thermoelectric generator131. (g) Schematic illustration of the photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid device (left), and best performed J-V curves (symbol-line) and output power (dash-line) of the PSC/TE hybrid devices tested with the assisted cooling system or not (right)132. ref.132, Copyright © 2017 Elsevier. (h) Non-contact reflection geometry (left), non-contact transmission geometry (middle), and contact transmission geometry (right)134. (i) Calculated TEG efficiencies for the PV-TEG hybrid system in the three different geometries134. Figure reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.128, Copyright © 2014 Elsevier; (b, c) ref.127, Copyright © 2012 Elsevier; (d) ref.129, Copyright © 2013 Elsevier; (e) ref.130, Copyright © 2018 John Wiley and Sons; (f) ref.131, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley and Sons; (g–i) ref.134, Copyright © 2021 Royal Society of Chemistry.
