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Original Article Open Access
Pencil-beam scanning catheter for intracoronary optical coherence tomography
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Abstract
Current gradient-index (GRIN) lens based proximal-driven intracoronary optical coherence tomography (ICOCT) probes consist of a spacer and a GRIN lens with large gradient constant. This design provides great flexibility to control beam profiles, but the spacer length should be well controlled to obtain desired beam profiles and thus it sets an obstacle in mass catheter fabrication. Besides, although GRIN lens with large gradient constant can provide tight focus spot, it has short depth of focus and fast-expanded beam which leads to poor lateral resolution for deep tissue. In this paper, a type of spacer-removed probe is demonstrated with a small gradient constant GRIN lens. This design simplifies the fabrication process and is suitable for mass production. The output beam of the catheter is a narrow nearly collimated light beam, referred to as pencil beam here. The full width at half maximum beam size varies from 35.1 µm to 75.3 µm in air over 3-mm range. Probe design principles are elaborated with probe/catheter fabrication and performance test. The in vivo imaging of the catheter was verified by a clinical ICOCT system. Those results prove that this novel pencil-beam scanning catheter is potentially a good choice for ICOCT systems. -
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References
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Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of the spacer-removed probe. nf, ng, nc, and nair are the refractive index of SMF core, GRIN fiber at the center, NCF, and air, respectively; lg and lc are the length of GRIN fiber and NCF; P and θ are the polishing surface and tilt angle.
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Figure 2.
(a) Refractive index of the GRIN fiber. Inset: cross section of GRIN fiber captured by the refractive index profiler. (b) FWHM beam size at different position. Inset: beam profile at 2-mm position (left top); beam measurement setup (right bottom).
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Figure 3.
(a) Working distance and Rayleigh length versus different GRIN fiber length. (b) Beam size and divergence angle versus different GRIN fiber length.
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Figure 4.
(a) Angle-polished probe. (b) Distal optics with coil. (c) Distal image of assembled catheter with a guide wire and radiopaque marker. (d) Full view of the whole catheter. (e) Connection of the catheter and PIU. Inset: cap used to house the SC/APC connector. U: UV adhesive; C: double-wrapped torque coil; P: plastic sheath; M: radiopaque marker; G: 0.014-inch guide wire; T: catheter; L: Luer connector.
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Figure 5.
Catheter FWHM beam size at different imaging depth. X: horizontal direction, Y: vertical direction. Inset: beam profile at 2-mm position (right bottom); beam size measurement setup (left top).
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Figure 6.
(a) in vivo imaging arrangement. (b) X-ray image of porcine heart in this experiment. (c) Cross-section image without stent attachment. (d) Cross-section image with the stent. (e) Cutaway view of the 3D image of a segment of coronary artery with stent and guide wire. ECG: electrocardiogram; G: guidewire; H: healthy blood vessel wall; T: catheter; L: small blood vessel branch; S: stent.
