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Liu B, Xie X, Gan X T, et al. Applications and progress of all-metal metasurfaces in phase manipulation of electromagnetic waves[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2023, 50(9): 230119. doi: 10.12086/oee.2023.230119
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Applications and progress of all-metal metasurfaces in phase manipulation of electromagnetic waves
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Abstract
All-metal metasurfaces are structural arrays composed of sub-wavelength metal units, which exhibit high efficiency and large bandwidth in phase manipulation of electromagnetic waves. Compared with metal-dielectric hybrid metasurfaces, all-metal metasurfaces have excellent thermal and mechanical properties, such as high-temperature resistance, high strength, and good ductility, which enable them to be applied in extremely complex environments such as high temperature and high pressure. In this paper, we briefly summarize the recent research progress based on all-metal metasurfaces. We mainly introduce their applications in the construction of highly efficient and multi-functional planar optical devices as well as multi-spectrum electromagnetic stealth, and provide an outlook of the future direction of its development.-
Keywords:
- all-metal metasurface /
- geometric phase /
- electromagnetic stealth /
- high efficiency
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References
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Overview
Classical optical devices use changes in the refractive index of material or surface shape to accumulate the optical path difference like lenses and prisms, thus converging, diverging, and deflecting the light beam. To overcome these limitations of the large size and heavy weight of classical optical devices, researchers have proposed a new structure known as metasurfaces, an array of artificial designs at subwavelength scales. Metasurfaces can change the amplitude and phase of electromagnetic waves at interfaces, which provides a means to realize novel optical phenomena and the planarization and lightweight of optical devices. As a result, a series of metasurface-based flat devices have been demonstrated in the past few decades, including beam deflectors, holographic displays, vortex beam generators, etc. However, the efficiency of the initially designed functional devices based on metasurfaces is too low and is greatly limited in practical applications. To improve efficiency, low-loss dielectric materials with high refractive indexes are used to design metasurfaces, and the working efficiency is significantly improved. Additionally, metal–insulator–metal hybrid reflective metasurfaces can remarkably enhance efficiency. A new reflective metasurface composed of all-metal structures has been proposed recently. All-metal metasurfaces exhibit higher energy efficiency and larger operating bandwidth in phase modulation than metal-insulator-metal structures. Besides, since metallic materials generally have excellent thermal and mechanical properties, such as high-temperature resistance, high strength, and good flexibility, all-metal metasurfaces have the potential for applications in highly complex environments such as high temperatures and high pressures. All-metal metasurfaces have been applied in various fields of holographic display, beam deflection, electromagnetic invisibility, etc. In this paper, we focus on the applications of all-metal metasurfaces in planar optical devices and electromagnetic stealth and provide an outlook on its future development direction.
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Liu B, Xie X, Gan X T, et al. Applications and progress of all-metal metasurfaces in phase manipulation of electromagnetic waves[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2023, 50(9): 230119. doi: 10.12086/oee.2023.230119
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Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of the typical geometric phase-type building blocks and all-metal metasurfaces. The first and second quadrants show the metallic nanobrick and grating unit structures and the designed electromagnetic stealth devices[36, 46], holographic display device[37], and vortex beam generator[47]; the third quadrant shows a catenary metal unit structure and the designed circularly polarized beam splitter[48], optical wave focusing device[49]; the fourth quadrant shows the unit structure with multi-fold rotational symmetry and the designed wavefront modulation device[50] and rotational Doppler effect detector[51]
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Figure 2.
Simulation results of different metal unit structures. (a) Simulation results of metal gratings[36]; (b) Simulation results of metal nanobricks and comparison with MIM-type structure [37]; (c) Simulation results of S-type unit structure [47]; (d) Simulation comparison of different C3 structures [50]
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Figure 3.
All-metal catenary metasurfaces. (a) Circular polarized beam splitter[48]; (b) Focusing lens[49]
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Figure 4.
Multifunctional devices based on all-metal metasurfaces. (a, b) Simultaneous near-field grayscale display and three-dimensional holographic imaging enabled by complex amplitude modulation[70]; (c, d) Simultaneous full-color printing and holography enabled by all-metal metasurface[71]
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Figure 5.
All-metal metasurfaces based on split-ring resonators. (a) Schematic diagram of the terahertz metasurface[73]; (b-d) Simulation results of the terahertz metasurface, including anomalous reflection, focusing, vortex beam generation[74]; (e) All-metal metasurface for simultaneous manipulation of electromagnetic waves and acoustic waves[75]; (f-h) Calculations results of multiple-beam generation, scattering diffusion, and beam steering for both electromagnetic waves and acoustic waves[75]
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Figure 6.
Laser-infrared and microwave-infrared stealth technology based on all-metal metasurface. (a) Measurement results of the laser-infrared compatible stealth materials[36]; (b) Equivalent circuit model of the thick metal grating and measured high-temperature RCS and infrared radiation of the microwave-infrared compatible stealth materials[46]
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Figure 7.
Multispectral compatible stealth metamaterials based on all-metal metasurfaces. (a) Schematic diagram and simulation results of the hierarchical metamaterial for laser-infrared-microwave compatible stealth[83]; (b) Schematic diagram of the large-area and multiscale hierarchical metamaterials and experimental test results 84]; (c) Schematic diagram and experiment results of the flexible metallic metasurface for multi-wavelength lasers and infrared compatible stealth[85]
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