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Li QY, Liang MG, Liu SQ et al. Phase reconstruction via metasurface-integrated quantum analog operation. Opto-Electron Adv 8, 240239 (2025). doi: 10.29026/oea.2025.240239
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Phase reconstruction via metasurface-integrated quantum analog operation
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Abstract
Phase reconstruction plays a pivotal role in biology, medical imaging, and wavefront sensing. However, multiple measurements and adjustments are usually required for conventional schemes, which inevitably reduces the quality of phase imaging. Here, based on multi-channel metasurface and quantum entanglement source, a simple and integrated quantum analog operation system is proposed to realize quantitative phase reconstruction with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under a low signal photon level. Without additional measurements and adjustments, four differential images necessary for the phase reconstruction are captured simultaneously. The non-local correlation of entangled photon pairs enables to remotely manipulate working modes of the system. Besides, the consistency of entangled photon pairs in time domain makes it possible to achieve a high SNR imaging by trigger detection. The results may potentially empower the application of metasurfaces in optical chip, wave function reconstruction, and label-free biology imaging. -
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References
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Supplementary information for Phase reconstruction via metasurface-integrated quantum analog operation 
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Li QY, Liang MG, Liu SQ et al. Phase reconstruction via metasurface-integrated quantum analog operation. Opto-Electron Adv 8, 240239 (2025). doi: 10.29026/oea.2025.240239
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Figure 1.
Phase reconstruction via metasurface-integrated quantum analog operation. (a) Schematic of non-local mode selection by metasurface-integrated quantum analog operation.
$ {\hat{F}}_{1}$ ${\hat{F}}_{2} $ ${\hat{F}}_{3} $ ${\hat F_4}$ -
Figure 2.
Experimental setup. Setup schematic: HWP, half-wave plate; QWP, quarter-wave plate; PBS, polarization beam splitter; M, mirror; QC, quartz crystal; L, Lens; BBOs, β-BaB2O4 crystals; LPF, long-pass filter; FC, fiber coupler; BS, beam splitter; SMF, single mode fiber; SPCM, single photon counting module; ICCD, intensified charge coupled device. Inset, the experimental results of the polarization interference curves.
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Figure 3.
Experimental results of analog operation. (a–c) Experimental results of quantum analog operation in three modes, respectively. (d) Experimental results of classical analog operation in third mode. (e) Schematic of the detailed local optical axes of the four regions being designed on the metasurface. (f) The SNR in experimental imaging results of classical and quantum analog operation, respectively, under different pump powers.
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Figure 4.
Process of quantitative phase reconstruction by Fourier integration. (a, b) Experimental measurement results of phase gradient in the x- and y-directions, respectively. (c) Experimental measurement results of 2D phase gradient. (d, e) Results of phase gradient reconstruction in the x- and y-directions, respectively, which is obtained by taking the derivative of the reconstructed normalized phase distribution. in the x- and y-directions, respectively. (f) Results of 2D phase gradient reconstruction. (g) Variation curve of the residual with coefficient K, which shows the process of solving the optimization problem. (h) Schematic diagram of minimum residuals. (i) Normalized results of phase reconstruction. (j) Quantitative results of phase reconstruction. (k) Results of the reconstructed depth corresponding to the white dotted lines.
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Figure 5.
Quantitative phase reconstruction results. (a, b, e, f) The measured phase gradient results of phase objects- "01" and "Tai Chi", respectively. (c, g) Quantitative phase reconstruction results of "01" and "Tai Chi", respectively. (d, h) Results of the reconstructed phase value corresponding to the white dotted lines of "01" and "Tai Chi", respectively.
