E-mail Alert
RSS
| Citation: |
Chu ZT, Cai XQ, Zhu RC et al. Complete-basis-reprogrammable coding metasurface for generating dynamically-controlled holograms under arbitrary polarization states. Opto-Electron Adv 7, 240045 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oea.2024.240045
|
Complete-basis-reprogrammable coding metasurface for generating dynamically-controlled holograms under arbitrary polarization states
-
Abstract
Reprogrammable metasurfaces, which establish a fascinating bridge between physical and information domains, can dynamically control electromagnetic (EM) waves in real time and thus have attracted great attentions from researchers around the world. To control EM waves with an arbitrary polarization state, it is desirable that a complete set of basis states be controlled independently since incident EM waves with an arbitrary polarization state can be decomposed as a linear sum of these basis states. In this work, we present the concept of complete-basis-reprogrammable coding metasurface (CBR-CM) in reflective manners, which can achieve independently dynamic controls over the reflection phases while maintaining the same amplitude for left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) waves and right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) waves. Since LCP and RCP waves together constitute a complete basis set of planar EM waves, dynamically-controlled holograms can be generated under arbitrarily polarized wave incidence. The dynamically reconfigurable meta-particle is implemented to demonstrate the CBR-CM’s robust capability of controlling the longitudinal and transverse positions of holograms under LCP and RCP waves independently. It’s expected that the proposed CBR-CM opens up ways of realizing more sophisticated and advanced devices with multiple independent information channels, which may provide technical assistance for digital EM environment reproduction. -
-
References
[1] Yu NF, Genevet P, Kats MA et al. Light propagation with phase discontinuities: generalized laws of reflection and refraction. Science 334, 333–337 (2011). [2] Huang L, Chang CC, Zeng BB et al. Bilayer metasurfaces for dual- and broadband optical antireflection. ACS Photonics 4, 2111–2116 (2017). doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00471 [3] Rubin NA, Shi ZJ, Capasso F. Polarization in diffractive optics and metasurfaces. Adv Opt Photonics 13, 836–970 (2021). [4] Li LL, Zhao HT, Liu C et al. Intelligent metasurfaces: control, communication and computing. eLight 2, 7 (2022). [5] Liu JY, Fan F, Tan ZY et al. Terahertz cascaded metasurfaces for both spin-symmetric and asymmetric beam diffractions with active power distribution. APL Photonics 8, 096112 (2023). doi: 10.1063/5.0168561 [6] Fan JX, Li ZL, Xue ZQ et al. Hybrid bound states in the continuum in terahertz metasurfaces. Opto-Electron Sci 2, 230006 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oes.2023.230006 [7] Zhu RC, Wang JF, Sui S et al. Chameleon-like intelligent camouflage metasurface. Mater Des 235, 112422 (2023). [8] Li SJ, Li ZY, Liu XB et al. Transmissive digital coding metasurfaces for polarization-dependent dual-mode quad orbital angular momentum beams. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 15, 23690–23700 (2023). doi: 10.1021/acsami.3c04082 [9] Li J, Zheng CL, Li JT et al. Terahertz wavefront shaping with multi-channel polarization conversion based on all-dielectric metasurface. Photonics Res 9, 1939–1947 (2021). doi: 10.1364/PRJ.431019 [10] Shen ZY, Zhang QH, Huang XJ et al. Simultaneous transmissive and reflective polarization conversion cross different operating bands in a single metasurface. Opt Laser Technol 169, 110071 (2024). [11] Wu GB, Zhu SY, Pang SW et al. Superheterodyne-inspired waveguide-integrated metasurfaces for flexible free-space light manipulation. Nanophotonics 11, 4499–4514 (2022). [12] Zhao F, Li ZP, Li S et al. Terahertz metalens of hyper-dispersion. Photonics Res 10, 886–895 (2022). doi: 10.1364/PRJ.439481 [13] Li JX, Yuan YY, Yang GH et al. Hybrid dispersion engineering based on chiral metamirror. Laser Photonics Rev 17, 2200777 (2023). [14] Zhu RC, Wang JF, Qiu TS et al. Direct field-to-pattern monolithic design of holographic metasurface via residual encoder-decoder convolutional neural network. Opto-Electron Adv 6, 220148 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oea.2023.220148 [15] Zhang XY, Cheng JQ, Yue WJ et al. Twofold optical display and encryption of binary and grayscale images with a wavelength-multiplexed metasurface. Nanophotonics 12, 3747–3756 (2023). doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0324 [16] Ma Q, Gao W, Xiao Q et al. Directly wireless communication of human minds via non-invasive brain-computer-metasurface platform. eLight 2, 11 (2022). [17] Hou TY, Li XT, Luo H et al. Optically-transparent meta-window for wireless communication. Opt Express 31, 38949–38957 (2023). doi: 10.1364/OE.504238 [18] Pan YB, Lan F, Zhang YX et al. Dual-band multifunctional coding metasurface with a mingled anisotropic aperture for polarized manipulation in full space. Photonics Res 10, 416–425 (2022). [19] Han ZX, Wang F, Sun JH et al. Recent advances in ultrathin chiral metasurfaces by twisted stacking. Adv Mater 35, 2206141 (2023). doi: 10.1002/adma.202206141 [20] Yuan YY, Wu Q, Burokur SN et al. Chirality-assisted phase metasurface for circular polarization preservation and independent hologram imaging in microwave region. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 71, 3259–3272 (2023). [21] Shang GY, Li HY, Wang ZC et al. Transmission-reflection-integrated multiplexed janus metasurface. ACS Appl Electron Mater 3, 2638–2645 (2021). doi: 10.1021/acsaelm.1c00246 [22] Mu YH, Qi JR, Xia SY et al. Non-interleaved bilayer complex-amplitude janus metasurface enabling energy-tailorable bidirectional wave modulation. Laser Photonics Rev 17, 2200659 (2023). [23] Chen SQ, Xie ZQ, Ye HP et al. Cylindrical vector beam multiplexer/demultiplexer using off-axis polarization control. Light Sci Appl 10, 222 (2021). [24] Zhang F, Guo YH, Pu MB et al. Meta-optics empowered vector visual cryptography for high security and rapid decryption. Nat Commun 14, 1946 (2023). doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37510-z [25] Balthasar Mueller JP, Rubin NA, Devlin RC et al. Metasurface polarization optics: independent phase control of arbitrary orthogonal states of polarization. Phys Rev Lett 118, 113901 (2017). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.113901 [26] Cui TJ, Qi MQ, Wan X et al. Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials. Light Sci Appl 3, e218 (2014). [27] Liu S, Cui TJ, Zhang L et al. Convolution operations on coding metasurface to reach flexible and continuous controls of terahertz beams. Adv Sci 3, 1600156 (2016). doi: 10.1002/advs.201600156 [28] Cui TJ, Liu S, Li LL. Information entropy of coding metasurface. Light Sci Appl 5, e16172 (2016). [29] Wu RY, Shi CB, Liu S et al. Addition theorem for digital coding metamaterials. Adv Opt Mater 6, 1701236 (2018). doi: 10.1002/adom.201701236 [30] Zhang C, Cao WK, Yang J et al. Multiphysical digital coding metamaterials for independent control of broadband electromagnetic and acoustic waves with a large variety of functions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11, 17050–17055 (2019). [31] Jiao P, Mueller J, Raney JR et al. Mechanical metamaterials and beyond. Nat Commun 14, 6004 (2023). doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41679-8 [32] Wang YH, Sha W, Xiao M et al. Deep-learning-enabled intelligent design of thermal metamaterials. Adv Mater 35, 2302387 (2023). doi: 10.1002/adma.202302387 [33] Li JT, Wang GC, Yue Z et al. Dynamic phase assembled terahertz metalens for reversible conversion between linear polarization and arbitrary circular polarization. Opto-Electron Adv 5, 210062 (2022). [34] Wang ZD, Qian C, Lin PJ et al. 3D Intelligent Cloaked Vehicle Equipped with Thousand-Level Reconfigurable Full-Polarization Metasurfaces. Adv Mater, 2400797 (2024). doi: 10.1002/adma.202400797 [35] Wan X, Xiao CK, Huang H et al. Joint modulations of electromagnetic waves and digital signals on a single metasurface platform to reach programmable wireless communications. Engineering 8, 86–95 (2022). [36] Li RJ, Liu HX, Xu P et al. Light-controlled metasurface with a controllable range of reflection phase modulation. J Phys D Appl Phys 55, 225302 (2022). doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/ac5555 [37] Xu Q, Su XQ, Zhang XQ et al. Mechanically reprogrammable pancharatnam-berry metasurface for microwaves. Adv Photonics 4, 016002 (2022). [38] Zhang L, Cui TJ. Space-time-coding digital metasurfaces: principles and applications. Research 2021, 9802673 (2021). [39] Wang HL, Ma HF, Cui TJ. A polarization-modulated information metasurface for encryption wireless communications. Adv Sci 9, 2204333 (2022). doi: 10.1002/advs.202204333 [40] Jiang LX, Li YF, Zheng L et al. Smart metasurface for active and passive cooperative manipulation of electromagnetic waves. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 14, 54359–54368 (2022). doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c15768 [41] Wang CH, Xu HX, Wang YZ et al. Reconfigurable transmissive metasurface synergizing dynamic and geometric phase for versatile polarization and wavefront manipulations. Mater Des 225, 111445 (2023). [42] Liu TH, Meng YY, Wang JF et al. Six-channel programmable coding metasurface simultaneously for orthogonal circular and linear polarizations. Photonics Res 11, 1047–1056 (2023). [43] Ma Q, Bai GD, Jing HB et al. Smart metasurface with self-adaptively reprogrammable functions. Light Sci Appl 8, 98 (2019). doi: 10.1038/s41377-019-0205-3 [44] Krasikov S, Tranter A, Bogdanov A et al. Intelligent metaphotonics empowered by machine learning. Opto-Electron Adv 5, 210147 (2022). doi: 10.29026/oea.2022.210147 [45] Zeng C, Lu H, Mao D et al. Graphene-empowered dynamic metasurfaces and metadevices. Opto-Electron Adv 5, 200098 (2022). doi: 10.29026/oea.2022.200098 [46] Kim I, Jeong H, Kim J et al. Dual-band operating metaholograms with heterogeneous meta-atoms in the visible and near-infrared. Adv Opt Mater 9, 2100609 (2021). [47] Park C, Kim W, Kim Y et al. High-throughput fabrication of large-scale metaholograms via one-step printing. Adv Opt Mater 12, 2301562 (2024). doi: 10.1002/adom.202301562 [48] Kim J, Jeon D, Seong J et al. Photonic encryption platform via dual-band vectorial metaholograms in the ultraviolet and visible. ACS Nano 16, 3546–3553 (2022). doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10100 [49] Mehmood MQ, Seong J, Naveed MA et al. Single-cell-driven tri-channel encryption meta-displays. Adv Sci 9, 2203962 (2022). [50] Naveed MA, Ansari MA, Kim I et al. Optical spin-symmetry breaking for high-efficiency directional helicity-multiplexed metaholograms. Microsyst Nanoeng 7, 5 (2021). [51] Li Y, Huang XJ, Liu SX et al. Metasurfaces for near-eye display applications. Opto-Electron Sci 2, 230025 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oes.2023.230025 [52] Jung C, Kim G, Jeong M et al. Metasurface-driven optically variable devices. Chem Rev 121, 13013–13050 (2021). doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00294 [53] Kim J, Seong J, Yang Y et al. Tunable metasurfaces towards versatile metalenses and metaholograms: a review. Adv Photonics 4, 024001 (2022). [54] So S, Kim J, Badloe T et al. Multicolor and 3D holography generated by inverse-designed single-cell metasurfaces. Adv Mater 35, 2208520 (2023). doi: 10.1002/adma.202208520 [55] Li LL, Cui TJ, Ji W et al. Electromagnetic reprogrammable coding-metasurface holograms. Nat Commun 8, 197 (2017). [56] Li LL, Ruan HX, Liu C et al. Machine-learning reprogrammable metasurface imager. Nat Commun 10, 1082 (2019). [57] Wu LW, Ma HF, Wu RY et al. Transmission-reflection controls and polarization controls of electromagnetic holograms by a reconfigurable anisotropic digital coding metasurface. Adv Opt Mater 8, 2001065 (2020). doi: 10.1002/adom.202001065 [58] Wang H, Qin Z, Huang LL et al. Metasurface with dynamic chiral meta-atoms for spin multiplexing hologram and low observable reflection. PhotoniX 3, 10 (2022). doi: 10.1186/s43074-022-00057-1 -
Supplementary Information
Supplementary information for Complete-basis-reprogrammable coding metasurface for generating dynamically-controlled holograms under arbitrary polarization states 
-
Access History
Figures(5)
Tables(1)
Article Metrics
Export File
Citation
Chu ZT, Cai XQ, Zhu RC et al. Complete-basis-reprogrammable coding metasurface for generating dynamically-controlled holograms under arbitrary polarization states. Opto-Electron Adv 7, 240045 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oea.2024.240045
Format
Content
DownLoad:
-
Figure 1.
Schematic illumination of the CBR-CM. The CBR-CM is constructed via symmetrically incorporating PIN diodes into an elaborately designed metasurface structure, and these diodes are controlled by multi-channel bias voltages provided by a FPGA-based control circuit connected to real-time holographic processing system. As illustrated examples, by arranging specific LCP and RCP 1-bit coding sequences, dynamic meta-holograms with identical focal length, variable focal length, switchable spatial pixels, and against arbitrary polarization state are successively demonstrated.
-
Figure 2.
Geometric configuration and EM responses of the dynamically reconfigurable meta-particle. (a) Perspective view of the proposed meta-particle. (b) Vertical and layered schematic of the proposed meta-particle. (c) The equivalent circuit models of the PIN diodes in the “ON” and “OFF” states. (d) Simulated surface current distributions on the proposed meta-particle of state “11/10” and “01/00” under LCP incidence at 10 GHz. (e) Simulated surface current distributions on the proposed meta-particle of state “11/01” and “10/00” under RCP incidence at 10 GHz. (f, g) Simulated co-polarized reflection amplitude and phase responses of the proposed meta-particle with coding states of “11”, “10”, “01”, and “00” under orthogonal CP normal incidence.
-
Figure 3.
Directional generation of meta-holograms with identical and variable focal length. (a) The target monochrome image of the letter “C” and corresponding phase coding patterns under the normal incidence of LCP waves. (b) The target monochrome image of the letter “D” and corresponding phase coding patterns under the normal incidence of RCP waves. (c) Numerically simulated and experimentally measured normalized electric field intensity of LCP component utilizing coding pattern in (a) in Lr-Li channel on the x-y plane cutting at z=100 mm. (d) Numerically simulated and experimentally measured normalized electric field intensity of RCP component utilizing coding pattern in (b) in Rr-Ri channel on the x-y plane cutting at z=100 mm. (e) The target monochrome image of the letter “L” and corresponding phase coding patterns under the normal incidence of LCP waves. (f) The target monochrome image of the letter “R” and corresponding phase coding patterns under the normal incidence of RCP waves. (g) Numerically simulated and experimentally measured normalized electric field intensity of LCP component utilizing coding pattern in (e) in Lr-Li channel on the x-y plane cutting at z=100 mm. (h) Numerically simulated and experimentally measured normalized electric field intensity of RCP component utilizing coding pattern in (f) in Rr-Ri channel on the x-y plane cutting at z=150 mm. All of the results are simulated and measured at frequency of 10 GHz.
-
Figure 4.
Multifunctional customization of meta-holograms with switchable spatial pixels. (a) The target monochrome image of the letter “S” and scanning trajectory of LCP and RCP spatial pixels under the normal incidence of orthogonal CP waves. (b) Four groups of sequentially and synchronously switched spatial pixels (σ-,1, σ+,1), (σ-,2, σ+,2), (σ-,3, σ+,3) and (σ-,4, σ+,4) distributions in Lr-Li and Rr-Ri channels, respectively. The subscript “-” and “+” represent the LCP and RCP reflection channels. (c–f) The target monochrome image and phase coding patterns of spatial pixel σ-,1, σ-,2, σ-,3, and σ-,4. (g–j) The corresponding simulated and measured normalized electric field intensity of LCP component on the x-y plane cutting at z=100 mm. (k–n) The target monochrome image and phase coding patterns of spatial pixel σ+,1, σ+,2, σ+,3, and σ+,4. (o–r) The corresponding simulated and measured normalized electric field intensity of RCP component on the x–y plane cutting at z=100 mm. All of the results are simulated and measured at frequency of 10 GHz.
-
Figure 5.
Cyclic evolution of meta-holograms against arbitrary polarization states on Poincaré sphere. (a) The target monochrome image of the symbol “+” and corresponding phase coding patterns of LCP basis vector and RCP basis vector. (b) Schematic of eight typical SOPs on Poincaré sphere. The numerically simulated and experimentally measured amplitude and phase profiles of normalized electric field of LCP and RCP components under the normal incidence of (c) LP-0° (linear polarized vibrating along 0° angle with respect to horizontal axis), (d) LP-90°, (e) LP-45°, (f) LP-135°, (g) LCP, (h) RCP waves, (i) ELCP (elliptical left-handed circularly polarized), and (j) ERCP (elliptical right-handed circularly polarized) waves. All of the results are simulated and measured at frequency of 10 GHz.
