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Li Z, Chen JX, Li LZ, Zhang JJ, Yao JP. Exceptional-point-enhanced sensing in an all-fiber bending sensor. Opto-Electron Adv 6, 230019 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oea.2023.230019
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Exceptional-point-enhanced sensing in an all-fiber bending sensor
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Abstract
An exceptional-point (EP) enhanced fiber-optic bending sensor is reported. The sensor is implemented based on parity-time (PT)-symmetry using two coupled Fabry-Perot (FP) resonators consisting of three cascaded fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) inscribed in an erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber (EYDF). The EP is achieved by controlling the pumping power to manipulate the gain and loss of the gain and loss FP resonators. Once a bending force is applied to the gain FP resonator to make the operation of the system away from its EP, frequency splitting occurs, and the frequency spacing is a nonlinear function of the bending curvature, with an increased slope near the EP. Thus, by measuring the frequency spacing, the bending information is measured with increased sensitivity. To achieve high-speed and high-resolution interrogation, the optical spectral response of the sensor is converted to the microwave domain by implementing a dual-passband microwave-photonic filter (MPF), with the spacing between the two passbands equal to that of the frequency splitting. The proposed sensor is evaluated experimentally. A curvature sensing range from 0.28 to 2.74 m−1 is achieved with an accuracy of 7.56×10−4 m−1 and a sensitivity of 1.32 GHz/m−1, which is more than 4 times higher than those reported previously.-
Keywords:
- exceptional-point /
- enhanced sensitivity /
- bending sensor /
- parity-time symmetry.
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References
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Li Z, Chen JX, Li LZ, Zhang JJ, Yao JP. Exceptional-point-enhanced sensing in an all-fiber bending sensor. Opto-Electron Adv 6, 230019 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oea.2023.230019
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Figure 1.
Configuration of the proposed fiber-optic sensor that consists of two mutually coupled and geometrically identical FP resonators, with one experiencing a gain and the other an equal amount of loss. The two FP resonators (FP1 and FP2) are implemented based on three uniform FBGs (FBG1, FBG2 and FBG3). FBG, fiber Bragg grating; EYDF, erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber. The black arrow denotes the pump propagation direction.
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Figure 2.
(a) Numerical results for the relationship between eigenfrequency splitting and resonance detuning induced by bending. (b) The results from (a) in a logarithmic scale. (c) The relationship between the sensitivity enhancement factor and perturbation. The inset is a zoom-in view, in which the enhancement factors of this work and other EP sensors are noted. The orange line represents a sensor with a linear relationship such as a conventional FBG sensor. EF: enhancement factor.
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Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. OVA, optical vector analyzer; ISO, isolator; VOA, variable optical attenuator; FBG, fiber Bragg grating. PC, polarization controller; WDM, wavelength division multiplexer.
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Figure 4.
Measured transmission spectra of the sensor operating at the EP (a) without perturbation and (b) with perturbation. The sensing mode to be monitored is indicated in the dashed box.
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Figure 5.
Interrogation of the sensor by translating the wavelength splitting in the optical domain to a microwave frequency separation in the microwave domain. FBG, fiber Bragg grating; TLS, tunable laser source; PC, polarization controller; PM, phase modulator; WDM, wavelength division multiplexer; OC, optical circulator; PD, photodetector; VNA, vector network analyzer.
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Figure 6.
The spectral responses of the MPF when the curvature is increased from (a) 0.28, (b) 0.56, (c) 0.90 to (d) 1.24 m−1.
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Figure 7.
(a) Microwave frequency splitting as a function of the optical fiber curvature. Inset shows the results in a logarithmic scale. (b) Measured enhancement factor as a function of the optical fiber curvature. Inset shows the measured resonance frequency detuning between FP1 and FP2 as a function of the optical fiber curvature.
