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Hao Z, Jiang BQ, Ma YX, Yi RX, Gan XT et al. Broadband and continuous wave pumped second-harmonic generation from microfiber coated with layered GaSe crystal. Opto-Electron Adv 6, 230012 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oea.2023.230012
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Broadband and continuous wave pumped second-harmonic generation from microfiber coated with layered GaSe crystal
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Abstract
The conversion-efficiency for second-harmonic (SH) in optical fibers is significantly limited by extremely weak second-order nonlinearity of fused silica, and pulse pump lasers with high peak power are widely employed. Here, we propose a simple strategy to efficiently realize the broadband and continuous wave (CW) pumped SH, by transferring a crystalline GaSe coating onto a microfiber with phase-matching diameter. In the experiment, high efficiency up to 0.08 %W-1mm-1 is reached for a C-band pump laser. The high enough efficiency not only guarantees SH at a single frequency pumped by a CW laser, but also multi-frequencies mixing supported by three CW light sources. Moreover, broadband SH spectrum is also achieved under the pump of a superluminescent light-emitting diode source with a 79.3 nm bandwidth. The proposed scheme provides a beneficial method to the enhancement of various nonlinear parameter processes, development of quasi-monochromatic or broadband CW light sources at new wavelength regions. -
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References
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Supplementary information for Broadband and continuous wave pumped second-harmonic generation from microfiber coated with layered GaSe crystal 
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Hao Z, Jiang BQ, Ma YX, Yi RX, Gan XT et al. Broadband and continuous wave pumped second-harmonic generation from microfiber coated with layered GaSe crystal. Opto-Electron Adv 6, 230012 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oea.2023.230012
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Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of a microfiber and surface morphologies of the GaSe-transferred microfiber. (a) Schematic of the microfiber for exciting SH, with the crystal structure and phase matched modes shown in the inset. (b) Optical microscope image of the GaSe-transferred microfiber under bright field, with the scattering light from the GaSe coating shown in (c). (d, e) In-situ AFM images of the GaSe layer on the microfiber, with two different thicknesses (72 and 50 nm) found. (f) Raman spectrum of the used GaSe layer recorded with 532 nm light, with
$ {A}_{\text{1} \text{g}}^{\text{1}} $ ${E}_{\text{2} \text{g}}^{\text{1}}$ ${A}_{\text{1{g}}}^{\text{2}}$ -
Figure 2.
Experimental setup for exciting and measuring harmonics. 532 nm SH emitted from the microfiber surface and the end face of the fiber are illustrated in the top and bottom insets, respectively. SH, second-harmonic; SMF, single-mode fiber; MMF, multi-mode fiber; DM, dichroic mirror; CWDM, coarse wavelength division multiplexer.
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Figure 3.
(a) Spectra of SH at 775 nm and TH at 516.3 nm, pumped by a 0.868 mW picosecond laser. (b) Collected local SH intensity along the axial position of microfiber surface. (c) Power-dependence of SH pumped by the 1550 nm picosecond laser. (d) Power-dependence of SH when pump average power of the CW laser is tuned from 0.7 to 14.5 mW. SH, second-harmonic; TH, third harmonic; CW, continuous-wave.
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Figure 4.
(a) Typical spectrum of SH and SF at six frequency conversion wavelengths (SH: 635/775/795 nm, SF: 698.05/706.05/784.87 nm), pumped by three CW lasers at 1270/1550/1590 nm simultaneously. (b) Intensity evolution when pump power of TL1 is varied from 0 to 10 mW. (c) Log-log plotted intensities of three frequency conversion signals (SH: 635 nm, SF: 698.05/706.05 nm) that increased with the pump power of 1270 nm laser. Similar power dependences were investigated by changing pump power of TL2 and TL3 respectively, with their evolutions and log-log plotted slopes illustrated in Fig. 4(d–g). SH, second-harmonic; SF, sum-frequency; CW, continuous wave; TL, tunable laser.
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Figure 5.
(a) Spectral evolution of broadband SH centering around 773 nm when the pump power of SLED source is varied from 1.8 to 13.9 mW, and corresponding power dependence is log-log plotted in (b). (c) The comparison of spectral widths between SH continuum and corresponding pump source of 7.3 mW. SH, second-harmonic; SLED, Superluminescent light-emitting diode.
