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Zhao H, Wang XK, Liu ST, Zhang Y. Highly efficient vectorial field manipulation using a transmitted tri-layer metasurface in the terahertz band. Opto-Electron Adv 6, 220012 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oea.2023.220012
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Highly efficient vectorial field manipulation using a transmitted tri-layer metasurface in the terahertz band
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Abstract
Polarization is a basic characteristic of electromagnetic waves that conveys much optical information owing to its many states. The polarization state is manipulated and controlled for optical information security, optical encryption, and optical communication. Metasurface devices provide a new way to manipulate wave-fronts of light. A single ultrathin metasurface device can generate and modulate several differently polarized light fields, and thus carries optical information in several different channels. Terahertz (THz) waves have become widely used as carrier waves for wireless communication. Compact and functional metasurface devices are in high demand for THz elements and systems. This paper proposes a tri-layer metallic THz metasurface for multi-channel polarization generation and phase modulation with a high efficiency of approximately 80%. An azimuthally polarized THz vectorial beam generator is realized and characterized for use as a THz polarization analyzer. The incident polarization angle can be observed graphically with high accuracy. Moreover, a vectorial hologram with eight channels for different linear polarization states is demonstrated experimentally. The information in different holograms can be hidden by choosing the polarization channel for detection. This work contributes to achieving multi-functional metasurface in the THz band and can benefit THz communication and optical information security.-
Keywords:
- terahertz device /
- polarization state /
- hologram /
- high-efficiency device
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References
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Zhao H, Wang XK, Liu ST, Zhang Y. Highly efficient vectorial field manipulation using a transmitted tri-layer metasurface in the terahertz band. Opto-Electron Adv 6, 220012 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oea.2023.220012
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Figure 1.
Schematic of the designed vectorial hologram metasurface device. Different holograms in eight polarization channels can be generated when the circularly polarized THz wave impinges on the metasurface, because the phase and polarization of the transmitted THz wave can be individually modulated. The hologram in a channel can be hidden by choosing the corresponding detected polarization state.
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Figure 2.
Schematic and characteristics of the designed unit cell. (a) Concept of the designed tri-layer metasurface. The unit cell consists of three metal structure layers and two polyimide (PI) space layers. The top and bottom metallic layers are metagratings, and the middle metallic layer is a C-shaped split-ring antenna array. The thickness of the PI layers is 40 μm, and the thickness of the metal structure layers is 150 nm. (b–d) Top views of the top, middle, and bottom metal layers of the unit. The period of the structure P is 100 μm; θ and θ–90° are the angles between the metagrating direction and x-axis for the top and bottom layers, respectively; θ+45° is the angle between the symmetric axis of the C-shaped antenna and x-axis; 2α is the opening angle of the antenna; w and d are the width and period of the metagrating, which are 10 μm and 20 μm, respectively; r and R are the inner and outer radii of the antenna, which are 35 μm and 45 μm, respectively. (e) Transmitted spectrum of the metasurface with θ = 90°. The incident wave is x-polarized, and the transmitted light is y-polarized. (f) Amplitude and phase modulation of the eight selected antennas at 0.75 THz. Antennas 1 to 4 have opening angles 2α = 130, 96, 50, and 14°, and the angle between the symmetric axis and x-axis is –45°. Antennas 5 to 8 have the same opening angle as the first four antennas with a symmetric axis at 45°.
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Figure 3.
Schematic and characteristics of the designed THz metasurface polarization analyzer. (a) Schematic of the working process of the THz metasurface polarization analyzer. An x-polarized THz wave is incident onto a THz half-wave plate (THWP), and the fast axis of the THWP is along the β/2 direction. The output THz wave is β-polarized and then incident on the metasurface device. The transmitted wave is transferred to the cross-polarization state, which is along the β–90° direction and focused on the focal plane. The amplitude distribution of the focal spot is along the θ direction. (b1–b4) Simulated amplitude distributions on the focal plane for β = 0, 45°, 90°, and 135°, respectively. Each white arrow represents the incident polarization state. (c1–c4) Experimental amplitude distributions on the focal plane for β = 0, 45°, 90°, and 135°, respectively. (d1)–(d4) Amplitude distribution curves extracted from the amplitude distributions along the black dashed circle in Fig. 3(b) for β = 0, 45°, 90°, and 135°, where the gray and red curves represent the simulated and experimental results, respectively.
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Figure 4.
Schematic of a vectorial hologram device. (a) Arrangement of the vectorial hologram device. The white arrow represents the polarization of the output wave through each big cell. (b) Schematic of the selected 64 C-shaped antennas, where 2α is the opening angle of the antennas, and θ represents the polarization angle of the output wave. (c) Amplitude and phase modulation of the transmitted cross-polarized wave for the 64 selected cells. The bars represent the phase modulation, and the blue dashed curves through the red stars represent the amplitude modulation. (d) Top-view microscope image of part of the fabricated device, where the white bar represents 500 μm. (e–g) Top-view microscope images of the top, middle, and bottom device layers, respectively. The white bar represents 50 μm.
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Figure 5.
Experimental results for the image-hiding device. (a) Amplitude distribution of a hologram with no polarization state selected for detection. (b–i) Amplitude distributions when an image is hidden in channels C1 to C8, respectively, with the detected polarizations chosen as 67.5°, 90°, 112.5°, 135°, 157.5°, 0°, 22.5°, and 45°, respectively. Each white arrow represents the designed polarization state of the corresponding channel.
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Figure 6.
Experimental amplitudes for the image-hiding device. The colored curves are extracted from Fig. 5(b–i) with the detected polarization states being 67.5°, 90°, 112.5°, 135°, 157.5°, 0°, 22.5°, and 45°, respectively. Each red arrow represents the designed polarization state of the hidden channel.
