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Khonina SN, Kazanskiy NL, Butt MA, Karpeev SV. Optical multiplexing techniques and their marriage for on-chip and optical fiber communication: a review. Opto-Electron Adv 5, 210127 (2022). doi: 10.29026/oea.2022.210127
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Review Open Access
Optical multiplexing techniques and their marriage for on-chip and optical fiber communication: a review
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Abstract
Herein, an attention-grabbing and up-to-date review related to major multiplexing techniques is presented which includes wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), polarization division multiplexing (PDM), space division multiplexing (SDM), mode division multiplexing (MDM) and orbital angular momentum multiplexing (OAMM). Multiplexing is a mechanism by which multiple signals are combined into a shared channel used to showcase the maximum capacity of the optical links. However, it is critical to develop hybrid multiplexing methods to allow enhanced channel numbers. In this review, we have also included hybrid multiplexing techniques such as WDM-PDM, WDM-MDM and PDM-MDM. It is probable to attainN×Mchannels by utilizingNwavelengths andMguided-modes by simply utilizing hybrid WDM-MDM (de)multiplexers. To the best of our knowledge, this review paper is one of its kind which has highlighted the most prominent and recent signs of progress in multiplexing techniques in one place. -
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References
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Khonina SN, Kazanskiy NL, Butt MA, Karpeev SV. Optical multiplexing techniques and their marriage for on-chip and optical fiber communication: a review. Opto-Electron Adv 5, 210127 (2022). doi: 10.29026/oea.2022.210127
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Figure 1.
The number of research papers associated with different multiplexing techniques indexed in the Scopus database.
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Figure 2.
The advancement of transmission volume in FOs established by the state-of-the-art laboratory.
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Figure 3.
Schematic representation of one-directional WDM broadcast.
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Figure 4.
(a) Graphical illustration of the white-lighting and WDM-VLC network utilizing broadcast gratings and a tailored diffuser over a 20 m FSO link with a 3 m lighting distance. (b) Optical micrographs of the WDM receiver chip. (c) 40 Gbps and 50 Gpbs eye diagrams of channels 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 at 0 and –1 V. The modulator eye graphs are also displayed for evaluation. Figure reproduced from: (a) ref.35, Optical Society of America; (b) ref.36, Optica Publishing Group, under the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.
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Figure 5.
Schematic representation of the PDM network.
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Figure 6.
4-channel VLC network. Figure reproduced from ref.57, SPIE.
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Figure 7.
The design of an NxN SDM communication network using coherent MIMO digital signal processing. Where MUX/DEMUX represents multiplexer/demultiplexer and Co-Rx signifies Coherent receiver.
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Figure 8.
Different dissimilarities of FOs for SDM. (a) FO bundle, possibly with compact cladding diameter. (b) Multicore FO with uncoupled cores. (c) Few-mode FO. (d) Coupled-core multicore FO. (e) Multi-mode-multicore FO, in which each core supports more than one mode.
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Figure 9.
Effective refractive indices of the guided modes versus width of the core width. Inset shows the mode shapes of the fundamental and higher-order modes. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.88, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Figure 10.
The operation principle of MDM. The scheme is adapted from ref.90.
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Figure 11.
(a) Manufactured TE0 and TE1 mode MUX circuit. (b) SEM images of a manufactured TE0 and TE1 mode (de)MUX and details of its. (c) Input side. (d) Output side91. (e) Graphical representation of a multimode SDM circuit with two polarizations. (f) Schematic of the circuit and structures of (g) μ-RRs-1, (h) μ-RR-2. Figure reproduced from: (a–d) ref.91, Optica Publishing Group, under the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement; (e) ref.92, Optical Society of America; (f–h) ref.93, Optica Publishing Group, under the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.
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Figure 12.
(a) Formation of OAM modes with a UCA. (b) Separation of OAM modes with a UCA.
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Figure 13.
Hybrid MUX/DEMUX techniques combing multiple individual methods.
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Figure 14.
(a) Graphical pattern of the hybrid MUX/DEMUX containing a bi-directional AWG and a polarization diversity circuit. (b) The magnified image of the PDC joining the two input WGs of the bi-directional AWG. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.104, Optica Publishing Group, under the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.
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Figure 15.
(a) Schematic representation of a silicon hybrid de (multiplexer) for MDM and WDM. (b) SEM image of the manufactured SiN hybrid MDM-WDM device. SEM pictures of the coupling regions between the input WGs and the bus WGs with a designed bus WG width of, (c) 1 μm, (d) 2.25 μm, (e) 3.5 μm. (f) Schematic representation of a hybrid WDM-MDM MUX/DEMUX. Figure reproduced from: (a) ref.124, (b–e)125, Optica Publishing Group, under the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement; (f) ref.126, Optical Society of America.
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Figure 16.
Graphical illustration of 10-mode hybrid MUX/DEMUX device for both TE and TM polarizations. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.13, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalLicense.
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Figure 17.
Multimode Laguerre-Gauss beams. (a) The DOE phase. (b) The squared modulus of the coefficients in the superposition. (c) The intensity distributions in the focal plane for 5-modes beam (the upper row) and the 6-modes beam (the bottom row). Figure reproduced from ref.154, American Institute of Physics.
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Figure 18.
Propagation of LP modes superposition in a weakly guiding stepped-index FO (the intensity distribution is taken at different distances z) for (p, q)=(1, 2)+(–2, 1) (top row), (p, q)=(3, 2)+(5, 1) (middle row), (p, q)=(4, 1)+(5, 1) (bottom row). Figure reproduced from ref.189, Pleiades Publishing.
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Figure 19.
Instantaneous recognition of particular vortex positions of Laguerre–Gaussian beams. (a) The correlation network with a multi-channel DOE. (b) Results of detection (correlation peaks circled in red) in the focal plane. Figure reproduced from ref.192, under a Creative Commons Attribution.
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Figure 20.
Binary 14-channel DOE for investigating the polarization and phase positions of vortex cylindrically polarized beams. (a) DOE phase. (b) Correspondence of the diffraction orders in the focal plane to the orders of optical vortices198.
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Figure 21.
(a) The binary phase of the encoded 64-order DOE, matched with LP modes of a step-index FO. (b) The experimentally recorded intensity distribution in the focal plane of the lens when the DOE is illuminated by a plane wave. (c) The arrangement of LP-modes indices
$ {\text{p}}=\overline{{\text{0,11}}} $ ${\text{q}}=\overline{\text{1,5}}$ $ {\text{p}}=\overline{-{\text{11,0}}} $
