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Gigli C, Leo G. All-dielectric χ(2) metasurfaces: recent progress. Opto-Electron Adv 5, 210093 (2022). doi: 10.29026/oea.2022.210093
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Abstract
Optical metasurfaces, i.e. arrays of nanoantennas with sub-wavelength size and separation, enable the manipulation of light-matter interactions in miniaturized optical components with no classical counterparts. Six decades after the first observation of the second harmonic generation (SHG) in bulk crystals, these devices are expected to break new ground in the field of nonlinear optics, shifting the focus from the phase matching approach achieved within long propagation distances to that of near-field resonances interplay in leaky nanocavities. Here we review the recent progress in SHG with all-dielectric metasurfaces. We discuss the most used technological platforms which underpinned such advances and analyze different SHG control approaches. We finally compare their performances with other well-established technologies, with the hope to delineate the current state-of-the-art and figure out a few scenarios in which these devices might soon offer unprecedented opportunities. -
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References
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Gigli C, Leo G. All-dielectric χ(2) metasurfaces: recent progress. Opto-Electron Adv 5, 210093 (2022). doi: 10.29026/oea.2022.210093
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Figure 1.
Simplified scheme of SHG in a leaky cavity. FF (SH) beam is represented in red (blue), κin (κout) denotes the input (output) coupling coefficient and
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Figure 2.
Comparison between isolated (top) and arrayed (bottom) air-suspended GaAs nanoantennas with radius r = 200 nm and height h=400 nm. A normally impinging beam is linearly polarized along x, and the array (bottom) has a period of p=1 μm. (a) Scattering cross section decomposed in electric (blue) and magnetic (red) multipolar contributions, computed by projecting the field inside a nanoparticle onto vector spherical harmonics95. The scattering cross section from the isolated particle has been scaled by a factor 6 to be compared with the plot on the bottom. The black dashed curve (bottom) displays the array transmission. (b) Near-field enhancement corresponding to the magnetic-dipole resonance.
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Figure 3.
Arrays of quasi-independent dielectric χ(2) Mie-type resonators. (a) SHG from a GaAs metasurface radiated into different diffraction orders vs. pump polarization angle. Green: total; blue: (0,±1) orders; red: (±1,0) orders; black: (0,0) order98. (b) SH back-focal plane (BFP) imaging of a LiNbO3 metasurface for horizontally (center) or vertically (right) polarized pump101. (c) Mechanism to partially redirect SHG from an AlGaAs metasurface close to normal direction99. (d) Controlling SH polarization. BFP imaging of SH from isolated (left) or arrayed (right) AlGaAs nanoantennas with elliptical basis100. (e) Broadband frequency generation in a GaAs metasurface through multiple nonlinear processes96.
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Figure 4.
Nonlinear wavefront shaping in dielectric metasurfaces. (a) Si metasurface implementing the first Kerker condition and funneling THG into the (-1)-diffraction order106. (b) Top: TH focusing from a Si metasurface. Bottom: Nonlinear imaging and spatial correlation for two apertures107. (c) SH beam-steering (left) and focusing (right) from an AlGaAs metasurface108. (d) SH geometric phase control in a Si metasurface109.
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Figure 5.
Quasi-BIC mode generation in nonlinear metasurfaces. A few ways to break the symmetry and reveal the high-Q resonance are sketched in the top row. Yellow (blue) color denotes a material addition (removal). (a) L-shaped GaAs/AlGaO heterostructures124. (b) Asymmetric Si nanodimers made of two rods with different widths125. (c) T-shaped Si resonators126. (d) Asymmetric GaP nanodimers made of two elliptical-basis cylinders rotated by an angle θ127.
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Figure 6.
SHG efficiency vs. Q-factor of the dominant FF mode for different resonant devices (markers’ color) and materials (markers’ shape).
