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Respiratory rate monitoring system based on inorganic halide perovskite humidity sensor
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摘要:
呼吸率检测中存在主观因素强、信号提取复杂、设备不易获取和有线连接不方便测试者移动等问题。人体呼吸周期为3 s~6 s，呼吸气流是呼吸动作的最直接反应，与周围空气存在湿度差。本文采用研制的新型无机卤化物钙钛矿湿度传感器测量呼吸率，克服了市面上湿度传感器响应和恢复时间长(10 s以上)的问题。系统使用Zigbee无线通信传输检测信号，使信号检测和处理部分分离，方便测试者移动。使用上位机软件进行数据处理计算呼吸率，并根据呼吸暂停阈值判断呼吸状态。测试结果表明，系统可实时准确监测呼吸率，最大误差1次/分钟，具有准确率高、信号处理简单、便携和成本低的优势。
Abstract:The traditional respiratory rate measurement technologies have several deficiencies, such as subjective appraised results, complicated signal extraction processes, difficult access to equipment, and inconvenience to move due to the wired connection setting. The respiratory airflow can directly reflect the human breath, and the respiratory frequency is usually 10~12 breaths/min (1 ventilation every 5~6 seconds). The humidity difference between exhalation and inhalation can be directly used to measure respiratory rate. In the present work, a wireless respiratory rate monitoring system based on inorganic halide perovskite humidity sensor was developed. The sensor exhibits an ultrasensitive humidity sensing performance, which overcomes the long response/recovery time (> 10 seconds) of the commercial humidity sensors. The system utilized a Zigbee wireless communication to transmit the measurement signal, which separates the signal detection and processing parts, making it easier for the tester to move. The upper computer software was designed and used for data processing to calculate the breathing rate. The system can accurately monitor the respiratory rate in real-time, recognize and alarm the apnea successfully by comparing with a setting threshold value. The test results show that the system can accurately monitor the breathing rate with a maximum error of 1 time per minute. The system possesses great potential for application in respiratory rate monitoring due to its high accuracy, simple operation, portability, and low cost.
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Overview: Respiratory rate, as an important parameter of respiratory function, refers to the number of breaths per minute, and can provide important information related to health status. Continuously, accurately and stably monitoring respiratory rate is great significance for preventing respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases. It is simple and accurate to measure breathing rate by measuring the respiratory airflow. However, common airflow detecting methods, such as temperature sensors, piezoelectric sensors, and flow sensors, having weak output signals. There is 30% humidity difference between human exhaled gas with the outside world, humidity sensor can be used to measure the breathing signal. Human breathing frequency from 12 to 20 times per minute. The response and recovery time of the humidity sensors on the market range from ten seconds to tens of seconds, which cannot use to respiratory rate monitoring. When 30% humidity change occurs in the inorganic halide perovskite humidity sensor made in this paper, resistance will change significantly and recover within 3 seconds, which can be used to measure respiratory nasal airflow signals.
For the convenience of testers, this system uses Zigbee wireless network to transmit signals. The system is divided into four parts: sensor, data acquisition and sending node, receiving node, and host computer software. The data acquiring and sending node collects breathing signal converted by the humidity sensor and sends it to receiving node. Receiving node transmits received data to host computer software. The host computer software processes the received data, and compute respiratory rate through the algorithm. After processing, the relevant information is displayed on the interface for reference by medical staff. From the test data of five testers, it can be seen that under fast, slow, and normal breathing, the maximum error between the system test breathing rate and the tester's actual breathing rate is 1 per minute, and the system can accurately monitor the breathing rate.
This article designs and develops a respiratory rate monitoring system based on an inorganic halide perovskite humidity sensor, which can accurately measure the breathing process through respiratory airflow. It has a simple structure, a large output signal, a fast response speed, low energy consumption, and is easy to carry. The advantage is that the system's measured breathing results have high accuracy and good circulation stability. The system is expected to be applied in many scenarios such as daily respiratory rate measurement and monitoring of patient respiratory rate in hospitals.
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图 2 无机卤化物钙钛矿湿敏材料合成
Figure 2. Synthesis of inorganic halide perovskite - sensitive materials
图 12 传感器性能测试。(a) 重复性；(b) 梯度湿度；(c) 响应时间；(d) 恢复时间
Figure 12. Sensor performance test. (a) Repetitive; (b) Gradient humidity; (c) Response time; (d) Recovery time
表 1 呼吸率测试
Table 1. Respiratory rate testing
编号 呼吸率（次/分钟） 慢速 正常 快速 实际 测试 实际 测试 实际 测试 测试者1 7 6 17 17 28 28 测试者2 8 8 15 14 24 25 测试者3 11 11 18 18 26 26 测试者4 9 9 16 15 25 24 测试者5 8 7 16 16 24 24 
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