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太赫兹医学成像研究进展

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严芷瑶，黄婉霞，黄青青，等. 太赫兹医学成像研究进展[J]. 光电工程，2020，47(5)：190721. doi: 10.12086/oee.2020.190721
引用本文: 严芷瑶，黄婉霞，黄青青，等. 太赫兹医学成像研究进展[J]. 光电工程，2020，47(5)：190721. doi: 10.12086/oee.2020.190721
shu
Yan Z Y, Huang W X, Huang Q Q, et al. Research progress of terahertz medical imaging[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2020, 47(5): 190721. doi: 10.12086/oee.2020.190721
Citation: Yan Z Y, Huang W X, Huang Q Q, et al. Research progress of terahertz medical imaging[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2020, 47(5): 190721. doi: 10.12086/oee.2020.190721
shu

太赫兹医学成像研究进展

    • 1.

      四川大学材料科学与工程学院，四川 成都 610064

    • 2.

      中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所，四川 绵阳 621900

详细信息
    作者简介:
  • 严芷瑶(1997-)，女，硕士研究生，主要从事纳米功能材料制备与应用的研究。E-mail：754368485@qq.com
    • 通讯作者: 施奇武(1985-)，男，博士，副教授，主要从事钒钛氧化物制备、相变性能与机制；材料与太赫兹波交互作用的研究。E-mail：shiqiwu@scu.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: TN29; R318.6

Research progress of terahertz medical imaging

    • 1.

      College of Material Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China

    • 2.

      Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China

More Information

    摘要

  • 太赫兹波所具有的无损性以及大量生物分子在太赫兹频段的指纹特性，使其在医学成像领域有着良好的应用前景。本文首先简要概述了太赫兹的医学成像技术手段，其次分别介绍了太赫兹在离体、活体组织中成像的研究现状。生物组织中的水会对太赫兹波产生强吸收，使得成像对比度受限。目前，为了减少组织中的水对成像的影响，针对离体组织的太赫兹成像大多需要进行切片、脱水等预处理，活体中的成像则主要应用在浅表组织。文章重点介绍了活体成像中有望提高太赫兹成像对比度的纳米粒子造影剂，最后对太赫兹医学成像的发展进行了展望。

    Terahertz wave has non-destructive nature and fingerprint characteristics for a large number of biomolecules, thus has a good application prospect in the field of medical imaging. In this review, we presented a brief introduction on the terahertz medical imaging systems, and the applications of terahertz medical imaging in biological tissues from in vitro to in vivo. Terahertz wave can be strongly absorbed by water, then the terahertz imaging contrast will be severely deteriorated in vivo. So the terahertz medical imaging was mainly used for detecting epidermal tissues or biological tissues with pretreatments, including excision, dehydration and so on. This review also concluded the recent development of nanoparticle contrast agents for improving the contrast of terahertz imaging in vivo. Finally, the future development of terahertz medical imaging was predicted.

    • Overview

  • Overview: Terahertz, ranging from 0.1 THz to 10 THz, is situated in the frequency regime between optical and electronic techniques. Recently, with the rapid development of terahertz technology, it is widely applied in several fields such as material science, physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. Due to the unique characteristics including low photon energy, excellent penetration ability through non-conducting materials and distinctive molecular fingerprints identification, terahertz medical imaging has become a promising imaging modality to date. It has been a significantly complementary medical imaging method, compared to other methods like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed X-ray tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET). And there has been an increasing interest in terahertz imaging for medical applications within the last few years, meanwhile, more and more terahertz imaging studies are being reported. In this review, we present a brief introduction on the terahertz imaging systems, and the applications of terahertz medical imaging from in vitro to in vivo. The essential mechanisms of terahertz medical imaging are based on the differences in water content and structural variations of tissues. But the abundant water in living tissues will strongly absorb terahertz wave, and lead to severely deteriorated imaging contrast. As a result, the terahertz medical imaging is mainly used in vitro or epidermal tissues. In most cases, the in vitro tissues should be pretreated with the processes including frozen sections, paraffin sections and so on. Many tissues have been studied by terahertz medical imaging in both human and animal models. Particularly, cancerous tissues of digestive system, reproductive system, integumentary system and respiratory system are focused. Brain, liver, breast tumors, for example, have been studied after different pretreatments. Fresh tissues directly excised from these tumors are also utilized to assess both water content and structural variations. While applied in vivo, skins are the main detected projects due to the penetration limit caused by water. In addition, some other methods have also been proposed to promote the application of terahertz medical imaging in the living body, such as endoscopy and penetration enhancing agents. Particularly, the nanoparticles contrast agents for terahertz medical imaging have been developed recently. This review concluded investigation of these contrast agents, including gold nanorods, gadolinium oxide nanoparticles, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. It seems that these contrast agents could enhance the imaging contrast largely, and would promote the application of terahertz medical imaging in vivo. Finally, the future development of terahertz medical imaging is prospected.

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  • 图 1  太赫兹成像系统示意图。(a)太赫兹反射成像系统[4]；(b)连续波太赫兹成像系统[15]；(c)太赫兹数字全息成像系统[16]

    Figure 1.  Schematic illustration of terahertz imaging system. (a) Terahertz pulsed imaging system in the reflection mode[4]; (b) Continuous-wave terahertz imaging system [15]; (c) Terahertz digital holographic imaging system[16]

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    图 2  (a) 体外含水角膜的光学图像和太赫兹图像；(b)体外猪角膜图像，含水量分别为(左上至右下)：84.74%、78.64%、75.27%、70.25%和66.06%[19]

    Figure 2.  (a) Optical and terahertz images of a hydrated ex vivo cornea; (b) Terahertz images of an ex vivo cornea at (upper-left to lower-right) 84.74%, 78.64%, 75.27%, 70.25%, and 66.06% water content[19]

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    图 3  (a) 人体肝癌组织的光学照片；(b)经过处理的太赫兹全息图[5]

    Figure 3.  (a) Optical image and (b) processed terahertz hologram of human hepatocellular carcinoma tissue[5]

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    图 4  浸润导管癌的(a)病理图像；(b)太赫兹时域图像；(c) 1.5 THz频域图像；(d) 2.0 THz频域图像[4]

    Figure 4.  Images of infiltrating ductal carcinoma. (a) Pathology image; (b) Terahertz time-domain image; (c) Terahertz frequency domain image at 1.5 THz; (d) Terahertz frequency-domain image at 2.0 THz[4]

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    图 5  (a) 新鲜切除的肿瘤组织；(b)相应的太赫兹图像[26]

    Figure 5.  (a) Freshly excised tumor tissue; (b) Corresponding terahertz image[26]

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    图 6  (a)，(b)通过两种不同的太赫兹波形处理方法计算的太赫兹图像；(c)组织的病理学检查图像[28]

    Figure 6.  (a), (b) Terahertz parametric images calculated via two different approaches of terahertz waveforms processing; (c) Image of histological examination of tissues[28]

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    图 7  小鼠脑(脑胶质瘤)的光学、MR以及太赫兹图像[29]

    Figure 7.  Visual, terahertz, and MR images of whole brain of rats with glioma[29]

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    图 8  小鼠耳朵的太赫兹透射近场成像。(a)光学图片；(b)显示实测透射率的原始太赫兹近场图像；(c)处理后的归一化太赫兹透射图像[20]

    Figure 8.  Terahertz transmission near-field images of mouse ears. (a) Optical image; (b) Original terahertz near-field image showing measured transmittance; (c) Normalized transmission image[20]

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    图 9  口腔样本的(a)光学图像；(b) -20 ℃太赫兹成像和(c)室温太赫兹成像；(d)病理学图像(组织学图像中癌区以蓝色圈标记)[33]

    Figure 9.  Images of oral sample. (a) Optical image; Terahertz images at: (b) -20 and (c) room temperature; ℃ (d) Histopathological image (the cancerous areas are marked with blue loops)[33]

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    图 10  长径比为(a) 3.2；(b) 4.0；(c) 4.2的GNRs透射电镜图；(d) (a)~(c)的紫外可见吸收光谱[10]

    Figure 10.  TEM images of GNRs with aspect ratios of (a) 3.2, (b) 4.0, and (c) 4.2; (d) UV-visible absorption spectra of (a)~(c) [10]

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    图 11  GNRs增强太赫兹成像原理示意图[21]

    Figure 11.  Schematic diagram of GNRs enhanced terahertz imaging[21]

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    图 12  有无GNRs的癌细胞太赫兹成像。(a)光学图像；(b)没有红外辐射照射下的图像；(c)红外辐射照射下的图像[10]

    Figure 12.  Cancer cell images with and without GNRs. (a) Visible image; (b) Terahertz image without IR irradiation; (c) Terahertz image with IR irradiation[10]

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    图 13  体内和体外肿瘤的太赫兹图像。(a)，(b)体内肿瘤的光学图像；(c)体内肿瘤的太赫兹图像；(d)肿瘤、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏和大脑切片的光学图像；(e)切片的太赫兹图像[36]

    Figure 13.  In vivo and ex vivo terahertz molecular images of tumors. (a), (b) Visible images of the mouse with an A431 tumor in vitro; (c) Terahertz image of (b); (d) Visible images of the tumor, liver, spleen, kidney, and brain samples; (e) Terahertz image of (d)[36]

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    图 14  含或不含纳米粒子的前列腺癌细胞及对照组。(a)光学图像；(b)在没有近红外激光照射的情况下获得的太赫兹图像；(c)近红外激光照射后获得的太赫兹图像[13]

    Figure 14.  Prostate cancer cells with and without nanoparticles. (a) Optical image; (b) Terahertz image obtained without NIR laser irradiation; (c) Terahertz image obtained after NIR laser irradiation[13]

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    图 15  小鼠体内肿瘤注射SPIO 24小时后的太赫兹(上)及MRI图像(下) [37]

    Figure 15.  In vivo terahertz (upper) and MRI (lower) images of a mouse 24 h after SPIO transfection[37]

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    表 1  太赫兹医学成像的应用

    Table 1.  Applications of terahertz medical imaging

    年份 研究对象 样本处理方式 成像仪器 分辨率/μm 参考文献
    2015 肝脏肿瘤 冷冻切片 太赫兹数字全息成像系统 158 [5]
    2015 小鼠耳内血管 活体 太赫兹近场成像系统 500 [20]
    2016 结肠肿瘤 石蜡切片 连续波太赫兹成像系统 500 [7]
    2017 烧伤组织 活体 太赫兹反射成像系统 5000 [21]
    2018 乳腺组织 新鲜组织 太赫兹反射成像系统 1000 [22]
    2019 前列腺癌细胞 成像造影剂 太赫兹反射成像系统 - [13]
    2019 小鼠脑胶质瘤 活体 连续波太赫兹成像系统 600 [15]
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    • 参考文献(41)
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收稿日期:  2019-12-05
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