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摘要:
针对传统轨距检测方法设备复杂、安装要求高和数据计算量大的问题，设计了一种基于轮轨相对横移的轨距检测系统。该系统首先使用两组激光源与相机组合分别采集左右两边轨头内侧激光光斑图像，然后根据钢轨边缘特点使用Hough检测与透视变换将其矫正为同一采集距离正视视角图像，接着对比基准时刻图像计算激光光斑中心点垂向位移变化量并通过其与轮对横向相对位移的几何关系分别计算两侧轮轨相对横移变化量，最后由两者差值得到相对初始时刻轨距变化量实现轨距的间接检测。实验结果表明，该轨距检测方法硬件结构简单，数据计算量小且检测精度较高，可实现轨距参数的非接触式检测。
Abstract:Aiming at the complexity of the traditional gauge detection method, high requirements for the installation and large amount of data analysis, a gauge measurement method based on the relative transverse movement of wheel and rail is designed in this paper. Two sets of laser source and camera combinations are used to dynamically collect the image of the inner straight line part of the rail head in the method. According to the rail parameters, the Hough detection and perspective transformation are used to rectify the image from the same acquisition distance. Compared to datum moment, the variation of vertical displacement of the center point of the laser is computed. And through the geometrical relation of the variation previously described and the lateral relative displacements of the two wheels, the relative transverse displacement of the two wheels is calculated. The relative initial time gauge change is gained by the difference, which realizes the indirect measurement of the track gauge. The experimental results show that the method has the characteristics of simple hardware structure, small data calculation, high measurement precision, and can realize non-contact dynamic measurement of gauge parameters.
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Overview: With the rapid development of urban rail transit, the detection of track infrastructure is an important guarantee for ensuring the safe operation of trains. Gauge is one of the most important parameters in the track infrastructure. The change of the gauge distance will cause various vibrations of the train to change the wheel-rail force. It is the control factor that affects the safety and stability of the train operation, and is also an important reason for the damage and failure of the track structural components. With the increase of the operation speed of high-speed railways and the expansion of operation scale, it is an important task in rail transit safety work to master the information of gauge status and ensure the safety of rail transit transportation. However, most of the current gauge detection methods have problems such as high installation difficulty, large amount of data calculation, and expensive detection, and is difficult to achieve ideal effect in complicated dynamic environments. Therefore, this paper proposes a gauge detection method based on the relative movement of wheel and rail. This method uses the lateral variation of the left and right wheel pairs relative to the reference point to measure the gauge distance indirectly during the locomotive operation. Firstly, two laser cameras are used to respectively collect the laser spot image projected by the laser source into the left and right gauge detection area, and then the perspective correction transformation matrix is obtained through coordinate transformation according to the positional relationship of the corresponding feature points in the reference time image and the detection time image and through the transformation matrix. The detection time image is corrected to obtain a front view image which is unified with the acquisition time at the reference time. The horizontal swing during the locomotive operation is much larger than the vertical vibration. Therefore, we accurately extract and locate the center point position of the laser spot. The mathematical transformation is established by the vertical displacement change of the laser spot center point in the two-track gauge detection area. The change of the relative movement between the wheel and rail on both sides of the reference time is obtained by calculation, and the gauge detection is finally realized. We verified and evaluated the gauge detection method proposed in this paper through multiple sets of dynamic experiments and using a variety of evaluation indicators. The experimental results show that the maximum error of the gauge detection method is less than 1 mm, which can meet the requirements of high-speed track detection as stipulated by China Railway Corporation. The detection device composed of simple structures is easy to install. In addition, the device has high robustness to a complex environment, and has certain practicability.
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图 5 图像预处理。(a)处理前；(b)滤波后；(c)增强后
Figure 5. Image preprocessing. (a) Before treatment; (b) After filtering; (c) After enhancement
图 6 检测图像透视矫正。(a)基准图像；(b)霍夫直线检测；(c)特征直线提取；(d)矫正后检测图像
Figure 6. Fluoroscopic correction of detected image.
图 7 激光光斑中心点。
Figure 7. Laser spot center. (a) Spot center of detected image; (b) Spot center of reference image
图 8 轮轨相对横移实验图。(a)检测原理图；(b)设备安装图
Figure 8. The relative sliding between wheel and rail. (a) Detection schematic diagram; (b) Equipment installation diagram
图 9 轮轨相对横移误差图。(a)横移数据图；(b)误差分析图
Figure 9. The relative error of traverse rail diagram. (a) Traverse data diagram; (b) Error analysis diagram
表 1 标准轨距横移误差分析数据分析
Table 1. Data analysis of standard gauge cross movement error analysis
mm 平均值 方差 标准差 A类不确定度(贝塞尔) 左侧横移检测误差 0.06617 0.00345 0.05878 0.01226 右侧横移检测误差 0.062917 0.00378 0.06147 0.01282 标准轨距检测误差 0.057417 0.00285 0.05336 0.01113 
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