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Zhang Fangyan, Luo Ting, Jiang Gangyi, et al. Robust stereo images watermarking based on correlations of left and right views[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2018, 45(12): 180054. doi: 10.12086/oee.2018.180054
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Robust stereo images watermarking based on correlations of left and right views
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Abstract
To solve the copyright protection of stereo images, a robust stereo image watermarking method based on correlations of left and right views is proposed. Because the tucker decomposition can preserve the main energy of the image well, tucker decomposition is performed on left and right views, respectively, to make full use of the correlations of three channels in the color view. Each view is decomposed into three feature images, where the first feature map retains relationships of three channels in each view. Secondly, considering correlations between the left and right views, the first feature images of the left and right viewpoints are combined to be performed by using tucker decomposition, and the main energy features images of the stereo image are obtained. Finally, the main energy feature image is decomposed by singular value decomposition, and watermark is embedded for the purpose of improving the robustness. Experimental results show that the proposed method has high robustness and invisibility, and realizes blind extraction of watermark.-
Keywords:
- stereo image /
- robust watermarking /
- tucker decomposition /
- correlation /
- blind extraction
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References
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Overview
Overview: With the development of network and multimedia technology, two dimensional (2D) image or video has become ubiquitous in all aspects of people's life, and real-time 2D video visual communication has matured. However, the 2D video cannot meet the visual requirements of people. The 3D realism has gradually become a fashion pursuit, since 3D images or videos provide the depth information of the scene and enhance the sense of reality. The demand for the development and applications of the 3D video system in the market is becoming much more urgent. It has a wide range of applications prospects in many fields such as stereoscopic digital television, distance education, 3D video conference system, virtual reality system, telemedicine, etc. With the popularity of 3D videos or images, 3D multimedia content may be transmitted through the Internet and other non-secure channels, and they may be copied, tampered or illegally used. It is essential to prevent illegal dissemination of 3D multimedia information, and watermarking as embedding the secret data into the 3D images is the main technology of protecting copyright. So far, the robust watermarking method for the monocular image is almost mature, but only a few stereo image robust watermarking methods are reported. As shown in Fig, to solve the copyright protection of stereo images, a robust stereo image watermarking method based on correlations of left and right views is proposed. Because Tucker decomposition can preserve the main energy of the image well, it is performed on left and right views to make full use of the correlations of three channels in the color view. Each view is decomposed into three feature images, where the first feature map retains relationships of three channels in each view. Secondly, considering correlations between the left and right views, the first feature images of the left and right views are combined to be performed by using Tucker decomposition, and the main energy features images of the stereo image are obtained. Finally, the main energy feature image is decomposed by singular value decomposition, and watermark is embedded for the purpose of improving the robustness. The experimental results show that when different kinds of stereo images are attacked by Convolution Filter, JPEG compression, Median Filter, Scaling and Cropping, watermark can be extracted blindly, and recognized with high NC. Compared with the monocular image watermarking methods, the proposed algorithm is more robust.
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Zhang Fangyan, Luo Ting, Jiang Gangyi, et al. Robust stereo images watermarking based on correlations of left and right views[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2018, 45(12): 180054. doi: 10.12086/oee.2018.180054
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Figure 1.
Third-order tensor decomposition diagram
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Figure 2.
Three feature images of Baby after Tucker decomposition. (a) The first feature image; (b) The second feature image; (c) The third feature image
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Figure 3.
Block diagrams of robust stereo images watermarking based on correlations of left and right views. (a) Watermark embedding process; (b) Watermark extraction process
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Figure 4.
Original stereoscopic images. (a) Baby; (b) Bowling; (c) Art; (d) Dolls
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Figure 5.
Watermarked stereoscopic images. (a) Baby; (b) Bowling; (c) Art; (d) Dolls
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Figure 6.
Original watermark
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Figure 7.
Extracted watermark image after attack. (a) Conv1(NC=0.9249); (b) Conv2(NC=0.9655); (c) JPEG90(NC=0.9884); (d) Scaling0.9(NC=0.9271); (e) Scaling2(NC=0.9781); (f) Cropping0.95(NC=0.9911)
