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摘要:
光纤声传感器是一种利用光纤作为传光介质或探测单元的一类声传感器，相比传统电声传感器其具有灵敏度高、频带响应宽、抗电磁干扰等优越特性，可广泛应用于国防安全、工业无损检测、医疗诊断及消费电子等领域。按照声场与光的耦合方式，把光纤声传感器分为间接耦合型和直接耦合型两种，其中，间接耦合型光纤声传感器受声耦合材料频响特性限制，存在频响不平坦、带宽较窄及动态范围小等缺点；而直接耦合型光纤声传感器克服了上述的缺点，具有广阔的发展潜力。
Abstract:Optical fiber acoustic sensors are a kind of acoustic sensors that use optical fibers as light-propagating media or detection units. Compared to traditional electro-acoustic sensors, it features high sensitivity, broad-band frequency response, anti-electromagnetic interference etc, thus very promising for national security, industrial non-destructive testing, medical diagnostics, consumer electronics etc. Optical fiber acoustic sensors are classified, in terms of the coupling mode between acoustic field and light, as indirect and direct coupling types. The former presents some problems such as uneven frequency response, narrower bandwidth, and smaller dynamic range due to the frequency response features of the acoustic coupling materials, while the latter has overcome these shortcomings and thus possesses broad development potential.
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Key words:
- optical fiber acoustic sensors /
- indirect coupling /
- direct coupling /
- frequency response /
- sensitivity
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Overview: Sound wave as the carrier of information and energy is the natural phenomena which has been paid attention to study for the first time. With the rapid development of information technology, the detection of acoustic signals with high sensitivity and large bandwidth becomes more and more important. In recent years, the research focus of acoustic sensors has been developed from electro-acoustic sensing technology to photoacoustic sensing technology. Optical fiber sensing technology was developed rapidly in the 70 s of last century. Due to the high precision of light detection and the advantages of fiber working frequency band and small transmission loss, optical fiber acoustic sensor features high sensitivity, broad-band frequency response, high signal to noise ratio and high dynamic range compared with space optical microphones and traditional electroacoustic sensors. Furthermore, because of its immune electromagnetic interference and miniaturization, it can be used in environments with high temperature, high pressure, strong corrosion and strong radiation that traditional electroacoustic sensors can not work normally. Therefore, optical fiber acoustic sensor has been valued and widely used in the national security, industrial non-destructive testing, medical diagnostics, consumer electronics etc. In this paper, from the perspective of the frequency response curve of optical fiber acoustic sensors, optical fiber acoustic sensors are classified as indirect and direct coupling types by introducing a new classification method based on whether acoustic coupling materials are used or not.
As shown in the figure above, indirect coupling type, including light intensity modulation, phase modulation and wavelength modulation, present some problems such as uneven frequency response, narrower bandwidth, and smaller dynamic range due to the frequency response features of the acoustic coupling materials. While direct coupling type, including the self-coupling effect and Fabry-Perot etalon (FPE) optical fiber sensors, have overcome these shortcomings and thus have very good linear frequency response characteristics, large bandwidth and large dynamic range. Direct coupling optical fiber acoustic sensor technology has got rid of limitations from acoustic coupling materials by using direct coupling of light and sound field, especially FPE optical fiber sensing technology can make full use of light multi-reflection characteristic of the cavity to further enhance the detection sensitivity, which is a new technology with great development value.
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图 2 相位调制型光纤声传感器。(a)马赫-曾德尔干涉仪型；(b)迈克尔逊干涉仪型；(c)萨格奈克干涉仪型；(d)法布里-珀罗干涉仪型
Figure 2. Optical fiber acoustic sensors with phase modulation. (a) MZI; (b) MI; (c) SI; (d) FPI
表 1 光强调制型光纤声传感器原理及性能参数
Table 1. Comparison among optical fiber acoustic sensors with light intensity modulation
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