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摘要:
差分吸收激光雷达是探测大气CO2时间和空间分布不可或缺的工具。2.0 μm波段Ho:Tm:YLF或Ho:Tm:LuLiF激光器复合外差接收机，1.6 μm种子注入的KTP光参量振荡器或参量发生器复合光电倍增管的光子计数技术，可以探测7 km以下对流层大气CO2混合比的分布。调制连续波种子激光强度、共用1.6 μm光纤放大器，以及相关检测技术的使用，积分路径差分吸收激光雷达在大气CO2柱浓度探测方面具有独特的优点和特色。探测大气二氧化碳柱浓度的空间计划有美国NASA的ASENDS计划，采用脉冲式、积分路径差分吸收工作方式。用CO2气体吸收池作为参照物, 稳定种子光频率和精确控制谐振腔长，锁定发射机的on光源波长，是差分吸收激光雷达探测大气二氧化碳的关键技术。
Abstract:Differential absorption lidar is an indispensable tool to measure atmospheric CO2 for temporal and spatial distribution. The 2.0 μm wavelength Ho:Tm:YLF/Ho:Tm:LuLiF lidar were used for remote sensing atmospheric CO2 with heterodyne receiver. The KTP parametric oscillator was injected into the seeds, and a differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system of 1.6 μm by using the photon counting technique to profile the atmospheric CO2 in the troposphere under 7 km. Modulation continuous wave seed laser intensity and the integral path differential absorption lidar, common 1.6 μm optical fiber amplifier, and the use of correlation detection technique, have unique advantages and characteristics in the detection of atmospheric CO2 column concentrations. The space program for detecting atmospheric CO2 column concentrations is NASA's ASENDS (active sensing of CO2 emission over nights, days, and seasons) mission which adopts the method of pulse and integral path differential absorption. The absorption of CO2 gas cell as a reference to stabilize seed light frequency and the precise control of cavity length lock the on-line wavelength of transmitter, is the key technique for DIAL to measure atmospheric CO2.
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Key words:
- lidar /
- differential absorption lidar(DIAL) /
- carbon dioxide /
- volume mixed ratio
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Overview: Accurate measurements of tropospheric CO2 mixing ratios are needed to study CO2 emissions and CO2 exchange with the land and oceans. 1.6 μm transmitter is based on an injection-seeded KTP optical parametric oscillator. Accurate control of the OPO cavity length ensures powerful single-mode narrow-band pulsed signal radiation out. Combined PMT photon counting technique, this DIAL can profile CO2 through the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and into the free troposphere. A double-pulse 2.05 μm high-energy Ho:Tm:YLF laser, tuned to on- and off-line CO2 absorption wavelengths, has been developed. Transmitter operation and performance have been verified on ground and airborne platform. This instrument has the potential to enhance both spatial and temporal resolution for CO2 global measurement during day and night. The IPDA lidar relies on the measurement of the laser echoes reflected by hard targets as the ground or the top of the vegetation to measure atmospheric CO2 column concentration. The system can take advantage of a less power demanding semiconductor laser in intensity modulated continuous wave operation, benefiting from a better efficiency, reliability and radiation hardness. Such a time-gated technique is a promising way to overcome the sources of systematic errors inherent to passive missions. Coherent detection instruments are generally limited by speckle noise, while direct detection instruments suffer from high detector noise using current technology. The ASCENDS mission will be the first laser spectroscopy from space with the objective to profile CO2 column integrals for climate emissions. The approach uses two tunable pulsed laser transmitters allowing simultaneous measurement of the absorption from a CO2 absorption line in the 1572 nm band, O2 absorption in the oxygen A-band, and surface height and atmospheric backscatter in the same path. To scale for space, It is needed to increase the energy per pulse in each of these wavelengths (1.53 μm and 1.57 μm) to appropriate levels. These are for a 500 km orbit, a 1.5 m diameter telescope and a 10 second integration time, which allows a 70 km along track integration in low earth orbit. HgCdTe APD detector photon counting technique and Si APD photon counting technique will be developed. The on-channel MOPA will be locked to the selected CO2 absorption line using a multi pass CO2 reference cell and a feedback loop based on the Pound-Drver-Hall detector used to generate a low noise error signal, or the lock-in regulator accomplishing top-of-fringe frequency stabilization laser frequency locking equipment. A second feedback loop will be used to stabilize the beat note of the on- and off- channel signal at a fixed 10 GHz offset.
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图 1 on-line和off-line脉冲的大气回波功率，每一个波长1000脉冲累积平均
Figure 1. Power in the atmospheric return for on-and off-line pulses. They averaged 1000 pulses for each wavelength
图 3 NASA兰利研究中心外差式激光雷达的布局图。PBS：偏振分束器；HWP：半波片；QWP：四分之一波片；AOM：声光调制器
Figure 3. NASA langley research center layout of the heterodyne lidar. PBS: polarization beam splitter; HWP: half-wave plate; QWP: quarter-wave plate; AOM: acousto-optic modulator
图 4 法国科学家Gibert等人研制的外差式差分吸收激光雷达系统框图(2015)。EOM：电光调制器；AOM：声光调制器；PID：比例积分微分；PDH：相位调制光外差稳频；AOFS：声光频移器；TDFA：掺铥光纤放大器；PBS：偏振分束器；HWP：半波片；QWP：四分之一波片；PZT：压电换能器
Figure 4. The coherent differential absorption lidar (CDIAL) consists in a 2.05-μm pulsed oscillator, a dual-wavelength seeding module locked to a frequency reference system and a coherent detection (2015). EOM: electro-optic modulator; AOM: acousto-optic modulator; PID: proportional integral and differential; PDH: pound drever hall; AOFS: acousto-optic frequency shifter; TDFA: Thulium doped fiber amplifier; PBS: polarization beam splitter; HWP: half-wave plate; QWP: quarter-wave plate; PZT: piezo-electric transducer
图 5 相干差分吸收激光雷达CO2混合比廓线（20h时间长度）实验，时间分辨率15 min，空间分辨率100 m。(a) CO2干空气混合比横截面图，时间分辨率15 min，距离分辨率150 m；(b)相干差分吸收激光雷达和在线XCO2测量时间序列；(c)相干差分激光雷达（黑线和在线(蓝线) XCO2测量实验，相干差分吸收激光雷达标准方差(黑色点虚线)和在线(蓝线) XCO2测量(红色点虚线)
Figure 5. CDIAL CO2-mixing ratio profiling during the 20-h-long time experiment above Ecole Poly technique campus. Time and space resolution are 15 min and 100 m, respectively. (1–3) is for the cross section reported in Figs. 3(a) and 3(b); (b) Time series of CDIAL and in situ XCO2 measurements; (c) Experimental CDIAL (black line) and in situ (blue line) XCO2 standard deviation (over a slicing 2-h time gate) and CDIAL instrumental standard deviation on XCO2 from α (black dashed line) and WF (red dashed and dotted line)
图 6 日本搭建的PPMgLT光参量振荡器探测二氧化碳廓线的实验装置。PZT：压电换能器；LPF：低通滤波器；PBS：偏振分束器
Figure 6. Japan experimental setup of the LD-pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG pumping the PPMgLT optical parametric oscillator (OPO). PZT: piezo-electric transducer; LPF: low pass filter; PBS: polarization beam splitter
图 7 日本探测二氧化碳差分吸收激光雷达1.6 μm发射机框图
Figure 7. Japan schematics of the 1.6 μm transmitter for the CO2 DIAL system
图 8 OPG/OPA发射机的系统框图(IF：干涉滤光片)
Figure 8. (a) Detailed block diagram of the OPG/OPA transmitter system; (b) Schematic of the 1.6 μm CO2 DIAL system used for the validation measurements
图 9 差分吸收激光雷达与LI-7500在线传感器的对比
Figure 9. Comparison of the CO2 concentration measurements from the CO2 DIAL and the in situ sensor (LI-7500) at 10 min average intervals
图 10 半导体激光器探测波长和参考波长的锁定单元。PLL：锁相环；DFB：分布反馈半导体激光器
Figure 10. Block scheme of the proposed frequency stabilization unit. PLL: phase locked loop; DFB: distributed feedback laser diode
图 11 连续波差分吸收激光雷达系统框图
Figure 11. System configuration of the 1.6 micron CW modulation hard-target DIAL system
图 12 BRIDGE激光雷达的组成框图(a)以及探测火山灰中CO2含量的二维截面分布图(b)
Figure 12. Example of two CO2 concentration maps (B, C) obtained during a Pizzo horizontal scan on June 26. Geometry of the scans and location of the plumeare schematically shown in (A). The maps show the distribution of CO2 concentrations in the lidar's field of view (FOV), as a function of heading angle and range.Each map was obtained by interpolation of all CO2 concentration profiles (e.g., same as 3A), obtained during a given Pizzo scan. In the maps, the red coloredhorizontal bands identify the margin of the Pizzo peak (heading angle: 244°~245°), while the volcanic plume is the band of peak CO2 concentration (up to 60 ppm) areas at heading angles of 245°~250°
图 13 美国NASA-ASENDS计划
Figure 13. ASENDS (active sensing of CO2 emission over nights, days, and seasons) space measurement concept
表 1 法国科学家的报道的三次研究结果性能对比
Table 1. Performance comparison of three literature cover
2015 2008 2006 Laser 2 μm 2 μm 2 μm Ho:YLF Tm, Ho:YLF Tm, Ho:YLF Energy/mJ 10 10 80 PRF/Hz 1 k 5 2.5 Duration/ns 40 230 140 Detection Coherent Coherent Coherent Time/min 15 30 30 Space/m 150 1000 500 Distance/km < 1 < 1 < 2 Precision/% 0.5~2 2 0.7 
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