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Fei Zhang, Mingbo Pu, Jun Luo, et al. Symmetry breaking of photonic spin-orbit interactions in metasurfaces[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2017, 44(3): 319-325. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-501X.2017.03.006
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Symmetry breaking of photonic spin-orbit interactions in metasurfaces
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Abstract
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Keywords:
- metasurfaces /
- metamaterials /
- spin-orbit interactions
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References
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Overview
Abstract:The dual-functional and/or multifunctional devices have huge fascinations and prospects to conveniently integrate and miniaturize complex systems with low costs. However, most of such devices based on metasurfaces are composed of several zones or interlaced arrays, with each only constructive contribution to corresponding function, resulting in a decreased efficiency and adding background noise to others. Spin-orbit optical phenomena pertain to the wider class of electromagnetic effects originating from the interaction of the photon spin with the spatial structure and propagation characteristics of an optical wave, mediated by suitable optical media. There are many emerging photonic applications of spin-orbit interactions (SOI) of light, such as control of the optical wave propagation via the spin, enhanced optical manipulation, and generation of structured optical fields. Here, a new method is proposed to achieve independent controls of two orthogonal circularly polarized (CP) incidences by breaking the symmetry of SOI in metasurfaces. As a result, the whole metasurface can simultaneously contribute to two independent controls, leading to a high optical usage and low noise. The proposed metasurfaces are composed of an array of nanofins with spatially varying sizes and orientations. The symmetry breaking of SOI is developed by the absence of inversion symmetry of phase gradient. The required phase for wavefront manipulation is imparted based on both the geometric (spin-dependent) phase via rotation of nanofins and the dynamic (spin-independent) phase via difference of size. Both geometric phase and dynamic phase can cover the entire 0~2π range by rotating each nanofin from –π/2 to π/2 and proper geometries of nanofin. Owing to these two phase gradients being independent, the final phase gradients for two opposite spins no longer have inverse symmetry and can be independently manipulated. Therefore, our proposed metasurfaces have the capabilities of producing arbitrary combination of wavefronts for two orthogonal converted CP transmitted lights. The freedom provided by the proposed platform allows a wide variety of asymmetric SOI for two opposite spins. As a proof-of-concept, we apply our proposed design principle to theoretically achieve asymmetric holographic images, spin-selective focusing without the scattered noise, and generation of vortex beams with asymmetric topological charges at visible and infrared wavelengths (λ= 532 nm and 10.6 μm) with high efficiency (the average conversion efficiencies are ~94.2% for λ= 532 nm and ~92.7% for λ= 10.6 μm), showing that our concept may provide new opportunities to realize asymmetric SOI for various practical applications of interest. We believe that our design will find a large amount of applications in novel spin-controlled multifunctional shared-aperture devices, as well as open a new degree of freedom for the photonic applications of SOI.
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Fei Zhang, Mingbo Pu, Jun Luo, et al. Symmetry breaking of photonic spin-orbit interactions in metasurfaces[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2017, 44(3): 319-325. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-501X.2017.03.006
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Figure 1.
Unit cell design. (a) Top view of the proposed metasurface consisting of chamfered nanofins on a substrate, with the same height and chamfering radius, but different sizes and orientations. (b) The nanofin is placed at the center of hexagonal unit cell. (c)~(e) Side and top views of hexagonal unit cell showing height H, width W, length L, chamfering radius R and rotation angle θ of the nanofin, with the lattice constant P. (f) The simulated spin-independent phases and cross-polarized and co-polarized transmissivities of eight unit cells at the wavelength of 532 nm. The materials of nanofins and substrate are titanium dioxide (TiO2) and quartz (SiO2), respectively. Constant parameters: H = 600 nm, P = 370 nm and R = 30 nm. The nanofins sizes (L and W) of unit cells from 1 to 4 are L = 300, 290, 235 and 240 nm, and W = 120, 105, 100 and 80 nm. (g) The simulated results of eight unit cells at the wavelength of 10.6 μm. The materials of nanofins and substrate are silicon (Si) and barium fluoride (BaF2), respectively. Constant parameters: H = 7 μm, P = 4.8 μm, and R = 0.4 μm. The nanofins sizes (L and W) of unit cells from 1 to 4 are L = 3.8, 3.45, 3.15 and 3.6 μm, and W = 1.75, 1.6, 1.43 and 1 μm. The unit cells from 5 to 8 are acquired by rotating the posts from 1 to 4 by an angle of 90° clockwise in (f) and (g). Simulations use the finite element method (FEM) in CST microwave studio. The refractive indices are given as 2.43 (TiO2), 1.46 (SiO2), 3.42 (Si) and 1.40 (BaF2), respectively.
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Figure 2.
Simulated results of holograms in the far field for circular polarizations at λ = 532 nm (2(a) and 2(b)) and λ = 10.6 μm (2(c) and 2(d)). The corresponding simulated sizes are 1 mm × 1 mm and 2 cm × 2 cm respectively for two working wavelengths (532 nm and 10.6 μm).
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Figure 3.
Simulated intensity distributions in corresponding focal plane of dual-focal meta-lenses for circular polarizations at λ=532 nm (3(a) and 3(b)), and λ=10.6 μm (3(c) and 3(d)). The focal lengths of two meta-lenses are 5 mm and 10 cm, respectively. The simulated regions are circles whose diameters are 1 mm and 2 cm respectively for two working wavelengths (532 nm and 10.6 μm).
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Figure 4.
Simulated results of optical vortex generation with asymmetric topological charges for circular polarizations at λ= 532 nm (4(a) and 4(b)), and λ= 10.6 μm (4(c) and 4(d)). The focal lengths of two meta-lenses are 5 mm and 10 cm, respectively. The simulated regions are circles whose diameters are 1 mm and 2 cm respectively for two working wavelengths (532 nm and 10.6 μm).
