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摘要:
折射和反射是波动传播时的基本现象，光波、电磁波和声波等均可被材料界面折射和反射。近来研究发现，通过在界面上制备人为设计的亚波长结构阵列，可改变传统折射和反射行为，为成像、电磁/几何外形解耦、全息显示等技术提供新的手段。本文综述了近年来折反射定律研究取得的进展，介绍了不同材料体系中波的折反射行为，阐述了相关的基本理论和具体应用。最后，结合本课题组的最新结果，分析了现有研究存在的不足，展望了本领域未来的发展趋势。
Abstract:The refraction and reflection are basic phenomena in the propagation of all kinds of waves, such as light waves, electromagnetic waves and acoustic waves, when they encounter the interface between different kinds of materials. Recently, it is discovered that the traditional optical laws regarding refraction and reflection can be rewritten when artificially designed subwavelength arrays are fabricated on the interfaces. The revised laws provide promising alternatives to achieve imaging, multi-physics decoupling and holographic display. Here we review the recent progresses in this emerging topic, including the refraction and reflection behavior in various materials configurations, the fundamental theories and practical applications. Finally, based on our recent results, the shortcomings of current researches are analyzed with a look towards the future trends of the overall area.
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Key words:
- plasmonics /
- metamaterial /
- metasurface /
- generalized laws of refraction/reflection
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Abstract: The refraction and reflection are basic phenomena in the propagation of all kinds of waves, such as light waves, electromagnetic waves and acoustic waves, when they encounter the interface among different kinds of materials. Because of the rigorous limitation of classical laws, traditional optical components such as spherical lenses and parabolic mirrors must be designed with various non-planar geometric shapes to control the flow of light, which makes these devices bulky and heavy. During the last several hundred years, many efforts have been devoted to make optical components thin and lightweight. One particular example is the diffractive gratings and lenses, where the wavefront can be constructed by locally tuning the transmittance in a two-dimensional space. However, the diffractive devices are suffering from the low diffraction efficiency and large chromatic dispersion, making them difficult to be used in practical optical systems.
Recently, it is discovered that the traditional optical laws regarding refraction and reflection can be rewritten when artificially designed subwavelength arrays are fabricated on the interfaces, which are termed metasurfaces or two-dimensional metamaterials. Different from the 3D metamaterials, metasurfaces-based devices are much thinner and easier to fabricate, thus forming a natural candidate for planar optics. The revised laws in the subwavelength structured flat surfaces provide promising alternatives to achieve imaging, multi-physics decoupling, and holographic display. In particular, metasurface-based imaging is considered as the third generation of imaging techniques (the first and second generations are the refractive and diffractive approaches, respectively).
In this paper, we review the recent progresses in this emerging topic, including the refraction and reflection behavior of light in various materials configurations, the fundamental theories and practical applications. We show that plasmonic elements with local phase modulation ability have provided a crucial candidate to realize the generalized laws of refraction and reflection. Based on the short-wavelength effect of surface plasmon, these flat lenses can be much thinner than the vacuum wavelength. Besides the arbitrary refraction and reflection, it is shown that the new optical laws ensure that the wavefront can be arbitrarily tuned, which are critical to achieve beam shaping, stealth and high-purity holography. At the end of this review, the shortcomings of current researches are analyzed based on our recent results, with a look towards the future trends of the overall area.
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图 1 均匀材料界面上的折反射定律. (a)正常折反射. (b)正折射材料和负折射材料界面的折反射. (c)双折射晶体中的双折射现象. (d)双曲色散材料中的异常折射[28].
Figure 1. The laws of refraction and reflection at the interfaces between two homogenious materials. (a) Normal refraction and reflection. (b) The refraction and reflection at the interface between double positive and double negative materials. (c) The refraction and reflection at the interface between normal material and birefringent crystal. (d) The abnormal refraction effect associated with hyperbolic materials[28].
图 2 梯度折射率光学器件. (a)基于梯度折射率板的平面透镜. (b)微波段具有平坦聚焦面的三维龙伯透镜[47]. (c)人造黑洞中的波束传播[48]. (d)针对365 nm波长设计的双曲透镜[44]. (e)针对405 nm波长设计的双曲透镜[45].
Figure 2. Optical devices based on gradient materials. (a) Flat lens based on gradient index slab. (b) Flattened 3D Luneburg lens in the microwave band[47]. (c) Light propagation in artificial blackhole[48]. (d) Fabricated hyperlens designed for λ=365 nm[44]. (e) Hyperlens designed for λ=405 nm[45].
图 5 基于纳米狭缝结构的平面透镜. (a)透镜原理示意图[17]. (b)可见光波段的实验验证[58]，从左至右分别为样品电镜图、实验测试和FDTD仿真结果. (c)基于变形狭缝阵列的分数轨道角动量产生器件示意图[23]. (d)基于悬链线狭缝的高阶Bessel光束产生器电镜图[18, 59].
Figure 5. Flat lenses based on nanoslits array. (a) Schematic of the flat lens[17]. (b) Experimental demonstration of (a) in the visible range. From left to right: SEM image, experimental and simulated results[58]. (c) Fractal angular momentum generators based on deformed nanoslits[23]. (d) High-order Bessel beam generators based on catenary nanostructures[18, 59].
图 6 用于平面成像的广义折射定律. (a)超构表面显微物镜的电镜图[60]，标尺：300 nm. (b)字符“H”的电镜图[60]，标尺：10 μm. (c)成像效果[60]，标尺：10 μm. (d)望远系统照片[3]. (e), (f)红光(波长632.8 nm)及白光星点图[3].
Figure 6. Generalized refraction law for plannar imaging. (a) SEM image of the metasurface objective[60]. Scale bar: 300 nm. (b) SEM image of the object "H" [60]. Scale bar: 10 μm. (c) Image of the object[60]. Scale bar: 10 μm. (d) Photograph of the metasurface-based telescope[3]. (e), (f) Focal spots for red light (left, λ=632.8 nm) and white (right) light[3].
图 7 基于任意反射的虚拟赋形技术. (a)超薄隐身斗篷示意图[26]. (b)隐身效果测试[26]. (c)虚拟赋形器件效果图[27]. (d) RCS缩减效果[27].
Figure 7. Virtual shaping technologies based on arbitrary reflection. (a) Schematic of the skin cloak[26]. (b) Measurement of the cloaking performance[26]. (c) Sketch map of the virtual shaping device[27]. (d) Simulated radar cross section (RCS) reduction[27].
图 8 基于MLRR的全息超构表面器件. (a)离轴彩色全息示意图[25]. (b)中国地图的全息效果[25]. (c)太阳神鸟的全息效果[25]. (d)反射式高效率全息示意图[70]. (e)样品电镜图[70]. (f)器件的衍射效率[70]. (g)红外超构表面电镜图. (h)红外波段B-2飞机的全息图. (i)可见光波段F-22飞机的三维全息图，右下为实验室英文简称SKLOTNM.
Figure 8. Metasurface holographic devices based on MLRR. (a) Schematic of the off-axis full-color holography[25]. (b) Holographic image of the China map[25]. (c) Holographic map of the Sun Phoenix[25]. (d) Schematic of the high-efficiency reflective hologram[70]. (e) SEM image of the reflective hologram[70]. (f) Diffraction efficiency of the device shown in (e) [70]. (g) SEM image of the infrared high-efficiency metasurface. (h) Holographic image of B-2 in the infrared band. (i) 3D holographic image of the F-22 in the visible band.
图 9 典型非线性相位超表面的光场和光线追迹. (a)理想聚焦超表面透镜产生的聚焦光场. (b)理想聚焦超表面对光线的偏折效果，其中光线越密集的地方光场强度越大. (c)二次相位超表面透镜产生的聚焦光场. (d)二次相位超表面透镜对光线的偏折效果.
Figure 9. Light fields distribution and ray-tracing of typical metasurfaces with nonlinear phase distribution. (a) The focused light fields generated by an ideal metasurface lens. (b) Ray tracing of the ideal focusing lens, where denser lines mean stronger light intensity. (c) Reviewed light fields generated by a metasurface with quadratic phase. (d) Ray tracing of the quadratic lens.
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