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Abstract
Multicore fiber (MCF) which contains more than one core in a single fiber cladding has attracted ever increasing attention for application in optical sensing systems owing to its unique capability of independent light transmission in multiple spatial channels. Different from the situation in standard single mode fiber (SMF), the fiber bending gives rise to tangential strain in off-center cores, and this unique feature has been employed for directional bending and shape sensing, where strain measurement is achieved by using either fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) or Brillouin distributed sensing technique. On the other hand, the parallel spatial cores enable space-division multiplexed (SDM) system configuration that allows for the multiplexing of multiple distributed sensing techniques. As a result, multi-parameter sensing or performance enhanced sensing can be achieved by using MCF. In this paper, we review the research progress in MCF based distributed fiber sensors. Brief introductions of MCF and the multiplexing/de-multiplexing methods are presented. The bending sensitivity of off-center cores is analyzed. Curvature and shape sensing, as well as various SDM distributed sensing using MCF are summarized, and the working principles of diverse MCF sensors are discussed. Finally, we present the challenges and prospects of MCF for distributed sensing applications.
Keywords
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References
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Author Information
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Zhiyong Zhao On this SiteOn Google Scholar
- Photonics Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Corresponding author: Ming Tang, tangming@mail.hust.edu.cn On this SiteOn Google Scholar
M Tang, E-mail: tangming@mail.hust.edu.cn- National Engineering Laboratory of Next Generation Internet Access Networks, School of Optical and Electronic Infor-mation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Chao Lu On this SiteOn Google Scholar
- Photonics Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Open Access. © The Author(s). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. -
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Zhiyong Zhao, Ming Tang, Chao Lu. Distributed multicore fiber sensors. Opto-Electronic Advances 3, 190024 (2020). DOI: 10.29026/oea.2020.190024Zhiyong Zhao, Ming Tang, Chao Lu. Distributed multicore fiber sensors. Opto-Electronic Advances 3, 190024 (2020). DOI: 10.29026/oea.2020.190024Download CitationArticle History
- Received Date June 22, 2019
- Accepted Date August 06, 2019
- Available Online February 21, 2020
- Published Date February 21, 2020
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Richardson D J, Fini J M, Nelson L E. Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres. Nat Photon 7, 354-362 (2013). DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.94 |
|
Winzer P J. Making spatial multiplexing a reality. Nat Photonics 8, 345-348 (2014). DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.58 |
|
Van Uden R G H, Correa R A, Lopez E A, Huijskens F M, Xia C et al. Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre. Nat Photonics 8, 865-870 (2014). DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.243 |
|
Mizuno T, Takara H, Sano A, Miyamoto Y. Dense space-division multiplexed transmission systems using multi-core and multi-mode fiber. J Lightwave Technol 34, 582-592 (2016). DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2015.2482901 |
|
Ryf R, Sierra A, Essiambre R J, Gnauck A H, Randel S et al. Coherent 1200-km 6x6 MIMO mode-multiplexed transmission over 3-core microstructured fiber. In Proceedings of 37th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication 1-3 (IEEE, 2011). |
|
Gonda T, Imamura K, Sugizaki R, Kawaguchi Y, Tsuritani T. 125 μm 5-core fibre with heterogeneous design suitable for migration from single-core system to multi-core system. In Proceedings of 42nd European Conference on Optical Communication 1-3 (IEEE, 2016). |
|
Sakaguchi J, Awaji Y, Wada N, Kanno A, Kawanishi T et al. 109-Tb/s (7×97×172-Gb/s SDM/WDM/PDM) QPSK transmission through 16.8-km homogeneous multi-core fiber. In Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference PDPB6 (Optical Society of America, 2011); https://doi.org/10.1364/OFC.2011.PDPB6. https://doi.org/10.1364/OFC.2011.PDPB6. |
|
Takara H, Sano A, Kobayashi T, Kubota H, Kawakami H et al. 1.01-Pb/s (12 SDM/222 WDM/456 Gb/s) crosstalk-managed transmission with 91.4-b/s/Hz aggregate spectral efficiency. In Proceedings of 38th European Conference and Exhibition of Optical Communication Th.3.C.1 (Optical Society of America, 2012); https://doi.org/10.1364/ECEOC.2012.Th.3.C.1. " target="_blank">Google Scholar |
|
Sano A, Takara H, Kobayashi T, Kawakami H, Kishikawa H et al. 409-Tb/s + 409-Tb/s crosstalk suppressed bidirectional MCF transmission over 450 km using propagation-direction interleaving. Opt Express 21, 16777-16783 (2013). DOI: 10.1364/OE.21.016777 |
|
Li M J, Hoover B, Nazarov V N, Butler D L. Multicore fiber for optical interconnect applications. In Proceedings of the 17th Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference 564-565 (IEEE, 2012); https://doi.org/10.1109/OECC.2012.6276573. " target="_blank">Google Scholar |
|
Van Newkirk A, Antonio-Lopez J E, Salceda-Delgado G, Piracha M U, Amezcua-Correa R et al. Multicore fiber sensors for simultaneous measurement of force and temperature. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett 27, 1523-1526 (2015). DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2015.2427733 |
|
Saitoh K, Matsuo S. Multicore fiber technology. J Lightwave Technol 34, 55-66 (2016). DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2015.2466444 |
|
Saridis G M, Alexandropoulos D, Zervas G, Simeonidou D. Survey and evaluation of space division multiplexing: from technologies to optical networks. IEEE Commun Surveys Tuts 17, 2136-2156 (2015). DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2015.2466458 |
|
Klaus W, Sakaguchi J, Puttnam B J, Awaji Y, Wada N et al. Free-space coupling optics for multicore fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett 24, 1902-1905 (2012). DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2012.2217490 |
|
Tottori Y, Kobayashi T, Watanabe M. Low loss optical connection module for seven-core multicore fiber and seven single-mode fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett 24, 1926-1928 (2012). DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2012.2219305 |
|
Thomson R R, Bookey H T, Psaila N D, Fender A, Campbell S et al. Ultrafast-laser inscription of a three dimensional fan-out device for multicore fiber coupling applications. Opt Express 15, 11691-11697 (2007). DOI: 10.1364/OE.15.011691 |
|
Ding Y H, Ye F H, Peucheret C, Ou H Y, Miyamoto Y et al. On-chip grating coupler array on the SOI platform for fan-in/fan-out of MCFs with low insertion loss and crosstalk. Opt Express 23, 3292-3298 (2015). DOI: 10.1364/OE.23.003292 |
|
Zhu B, Taunay T F, Yan M F, Fini J M, Fishteyn M et al. Seven-core multicore fiber transmissions for passive optical network. Opt Express 18, 11117-11122 (2010). DOI: 10.1364/OE.18.011117 |
|
Watanabe K, Saito T, Imamura K, Shiino M. Development of fiber bundle type fan-out for multicore fiber. In Proceedings of the 17th Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference 475-476 (IEEE, 2012); https://doi.org/10.1109/OECC.2012.6276529. " target="_blank">Google Scholar |
|
Noordegraaf D, Skovgaard P M W, Nielsen M D, Bland-Hawthorn J. Efficient multi-mode to single-mode coupling in a photonic lantern. Opt Express 17, 1988-1994 (2009). DOI: 10.1364/OE.17.001988 |
|
Li B R, Feng Z H, Tang M, Xu Z L, Fu S N et al. Experimental demonstration of large capacity WSDM optical access network with multicore fibers and advanced modulation formats. Opt Express 23, 10997-11006 (2015). DOI: 10.1364/OE.23.010997 |
|
Tange M, Zhao Z Y, Gan L, Wu H, Wang R X et al. Spatial-division multiplexed optical sensing using MCF and FMF. In Proceedings of Advanced Photonics SoM2G.3 (Optical Society of America, 2016); https://doi.org/10.1364/SOF.2016.SoM2G.3. " target="_blank">Google Scholar |
|
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