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Design of a photonic crystal fiber with low confinement loss and high birefringence
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摘要:
本文设计了一种适用于长距离光纤通信的新型光子晶体光纤。该光纤包层内椭圆形和圆形空气孔呈交错排列，纤芯两侧为两个小椭圆空气孔。利用有限元分析方法对所设计光纤的传输特性进行分析并对其结构进行了优化，确定了最佳结构。结果表明，波长为1550 nm时，此新型光子晶体光纤在最佳结构下可提供高达3.51×10-2的高双折射和低至1.5×10-9 dB/m的限制性损耗。与现存的引入椭圆形空气孔的光子晶体光纤相比，本文中的光子晶体光纤的双折射系数有较大提高，限制性损耗系数降低了5个数量级。另外，本文还详细研究了光子晶体光纤的色散随光子晶体光纤结构的变化以及其布里渊增益特性，并分析了其可制造性。基于其高双折射和低限制性损耗特性，此种光纤可应用于长距离光纤通信系统。
Abstract:A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for long distance communication was proposed in this paper. The circular and elliptical air holes distribute in the cladding, and there are two small elliptical air holes around the core in cross section of the PCF. The characteristics of the PCF were analyzed by using the finite element method (FEM) systematically. The results show that the PCF offers an ultrahigh birefringence of 3.51×10-2 and the confinement loss as low as 1.5×10-9 dB/m with the optimal structure at the wavelength of 1550 nm. Compared with the existing photonic crystal fibers with elliptical air holes, the birefringence has a large increase, and the confinement loss reduces by 5 orders of magnitude. Additionally, we also analyzed the relationship between the dispersion of the PCF and the wavelength, and obtained the Brillouin gain spectrum characteristics. In general, the PCF can be used in long distance communication system.
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Overview: Optical fiber communication is a system in which the light waves are used as the information carriers and the optical fibers are used as the transmission media. Optical fiber is more excellent than the transmission of cable and the microwave communication due to its wide transmission band, high anti-interference ability and low confinement loss, and has become the main transmission method. At the same time, with the development of communication technology, optical fiber communication systems have higher requirements for the performance of optical fibers. Traditional single-mode fibers can no longer meet the demands. Compared with conventional fibers, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have many unique characteristics, including no cut-off single mode transmission, highly tunable dispersion, excellent nonlinear effect, birefringence effect and so on. Therefore, PCFs have attracted considerable interests in recent years. In 2011, K. Yang proposed a PCF with elliptical air holes distributing on the inner rings. The birefringence of this PCF achieves 0.87×10-2, and the confinement loss is 0.01 dB/m. In 2016, the birefringence of the PCF designed by L. Wu reaches 2.21×10-2. In 2017, by introducing the elliptical air holes in the core, a birefringence of 3.41×10-2 and a dispersion of -608.93 ps·km-1·nm-1 was obtained by J. Liao. In 2019, the birefringence of the PCF with two elliptical air holes in the core proposed by Q. Liu is 1.4207×10-2, and the order of the confinement loss achieves 10-4 dB/m. However, the existing studies with simple arrangement of air holes in the cladding show poor asymmetry, affecting the further improvement of the properties such as the birefringence and the confinement loss, so it could not meet the rapidly growing demands for optical fiber communication.
To fix the above problems, we proposed a novel PCF for long distance communication with crossly distributed elliptical and circular air holes sequences in the cross-section in this paper. The birefringence and confinement loss of the proposed PCF were systematically analyzed by using of the full vector finite element method. Then, we obtained the optical structure parameters by systematically numerical analysis and explored the Brillouin gain spectrum characteristics of the PCF. The results reveal that the proposed PCF offers an ultrahigh birefringence of 3.51×10-2 with the confinement loss as low as 1.5×10-9 dB/m for the optimal structure of the PCF at the wavelength of 1550 nm, and the Brillouin frequency shift of x- and y-polarization are about 10.15 GHz and 10.4 GHz respectively. In addition, the PCF proposed in this work may be helpful for applications in the field of fiber optical sensing, the polarization-maintaining fiber, and the long-distance transmission of optical signal.
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图 2 η=0.2时光纤LP01模式模场分布和能量等值线分布图。(a), (b) x偏振轴；(c), (d) y偏振轴
Figure 2. The field distribution and energy contour of LP01 at 1550 nm with η=0.2. (a), (b) x-polarization; (c), (d) y-polarization
图 3 光纤有效折射率随a的变化
Figure 3. Effective refractive index of the proposed PCF changes with the increase of a
图 4 光纤双折射系数随a的变化
Figure 4. Birefringence of the proposed PCF changes with the increase of a
图 5 不同η下PCF的双折射系数随波长的变化
Figure 5. The birefringence of the PCF with different η as a function of wavelength
图 7 光纤限制性损耗随波长的变化。(a) x偏振轴；(b) y偏振轴
Figure 7. The confinement loss of the proposed PCF as a function of wavelength. (a) x-polarization; (b) y-polarization
图 10 当圆空气孔直径(2b)有1%~2%的误差时双折射系数随波长的变化
Figure 10. Birefringence as a function of wavelength with 1%~2% variations of circular air holes diameter(2b)
表 1 光纤结构及完美匹配层参数
Table 1. Parameters of the PCF structure and PML
Parameter/unit Ʌ/μm b/μm r/μm d/μm Value 0.87 0.4 5.046 0.2 
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表 2 与现有光子晶体光纤的性能比较
Table 2. Comparison with the existing PCFs
References L(λ)/(dB/m) B D/(ps·km-1·nm-1) Ref. [6] 0.01 0.87×10-2 — Ref. [8] 0.365 3.41×10-2 -399.98 Ref. [12] — 2.89×10-2 -600 Ref. [14] — 2×10-2 -200 Ref. [15] 5×10-4 8×10-3 — Ref. [16] 1.17×10-4 2.54×10-2 -722.48 Ref. [27] 10-3 1.98×10-2 — Ref. [28] 1.24×10-4 — -100 The designed PCF 1.5×10-9 3.51×10-2 -500
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