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Overview: Optical fiber sensing system depends closely on the quality of the laser source employed, because laser parameters such as the power stability, linewidth and phase noise, have a great impact on the performance of the fiber sensing system in such parameters as the maximum measuring distance, precision, sensitivity and noise characteristics which finds tremendous applications to areas to name a few; distributed oil pipeline monitoring, high resolution sensing, low noise microwave generation, optical atomic clocks, optical precision metrology, high resolution spectroscopy, microwave photonics and laser radars etc. In order to improve the measurement range, noise characteristics, sensitivity and precision of optical fiber sensing system, we need to obtain a narrow linewidth laser light source with a longer coherent length (characterized by laser linewidth), phase noise (characterizing laser frequency stability) and low intensity noise (characterizing laser power stability). In the light of all this, a great deal of attention over the years has been witnessed in academia and industry in regards to the related high-quality laser source employed for fiber sensing system to name a few; long distance super high resolution distributed oil pipeline monitoring system whose predominant distributed optical fiber sensing technology such as OFDR (optical frequency domain reflectometry) technique is greatly dependent of the laser source linewidth for better sensitivity, range and other key factors to its applications, in optical fiber hydrophone system the linewidth of the laser source employed very much determines the system noise and minimum measurable signal of the system, the use of FBG (fiber Bragg grating) to build up a sensor network operating under the technique of either spectral analysis or tunable filter matching method for demodulation purposes greatly depends on high stable power of the laser source employed for simultaneous demodulation of multiple FBG in a sensor network due to its insertion loss and bandwidth. In this article, a brief review on the development trend of the laser source for fiber sensing is presented which firstly emphasizes on narrow linewidth lasers followed by tunable laser and lastly white laser source. Finally, the main limiting factors and kernel technology of laser source for the optical fiber sensing are summarized. In order to achieve high performance of optical fiber sensing, the availability of the ideal ultra-narrow-linewidth and ultra-stable laser, which could be tuned at a desired wavelength span and tuning rate, will be definitely one of the main research directions of the future optical fiber sensing.
(a) Diagram of semiconductor laser linewidth compression based on the self-injection Rayleigh scattering of external whispering gallery mode resonator; (b) Frequency spectrum of the free running semiconductor laser with linewidth of 8 MHz; (c) Frequency spectrum of the laser with linewidth compressed to 160 Hz[23]
(a) Schematic diagram of DFB dual-cavity self-feedback structure; (b) Output power spectra with (red line) or without (blue line) dual-cavity feedback structure[24]
(a) Schematic drawing of the SLC fiber laser; (b) Lineshape of the heterodyne signal measured with 97.6 km fiber delay[28]
(a) Schematic diagram of fiber ring laser combing RBS and self-injection feedback; (b) The output power spectrum and its Lorentz fitting linewidth for the narrowest laser linewidth[35]
(a) Experimental setup of the optical-controllable wavelength-tunable fiber laser and the measurement system; (b) Output spectra at output 2 with the enhancement of the controlling pump[48]
(a) The tunable narrow-linewidth fiber laser based on the frequency-selection from femtosecond frequency combs; (b) The tuning output spectrum[50]
(a) The tunable narrow-linewidth fiber laser based on the reversed four-wave mixing; (b), (c) The tuning output spectrum[51]
(a) Cross section of the PCF; (b) Corresponding super-continuum [54]
Total spectrum evolution through the 1 m fiber[55]
(a), (b) Typical behavior for increasing energy (120 nJ to 180 nJ); (c)~(e) By adjusting the initial spatial excitation, we optimize the spectral uniformity and bandwidth (the energy for each plot is ~150 nJ). (f)~(l) Visible spectra (all ~150 nJ)[55]