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Hong Guanglie, Zhang Huaping, Liu Hao, et al. Review of measurement for atmospheric CO2 differential absorption lidar[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2018, 45(1): 170452. doi: 10.12086/oee.2018.170452
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Review of measurement for atmospheric CO2 differential absorption lidar
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Abstract
Differential absorption lidar is an indispensable tool to measure atmospheric CO2 for temporal and spatial distribution. The 2.0 μm wavelength Ho:Tm:YLF/Ho:Tm:LuLiF lidar were used for remote sensing atmospheric CO2 with heterodyne receiver. The KTP parametric oscillator was injected into the seeds, and a differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system of 1.6 μm by using the photon counting technique to profile the atmospheric CO2 in the troposphere under 7 km. Modulation continuous wave seed laser intensity and the integral path differential absorption lidar, common 1.6 μm optical fiber amplifier, and the use of correlation detection technique, have unique advantages and characteristics in the detection of atmospheric CO2 column concentrations. The space program for detecting atmospheric CO2 column concentrations is NASA's ASENDS (active sensing of CO2 emission over nights, days, and seasons) mission which adopts the method of pulse and integral path differential absorption. The absorption of CO2 gas cell as a reference to stabilize seed light frequency and the precise control of cavity length lock the on-line wavelength of transmitter, is the key technique for DIAL to measure atmospheric CO2.-
Keywords:
- lidar /
- differential absorption lidar(DIAL) /
- carbon dioxide /
- volume mixed ratio
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References
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Overview
Overview: Accurate measurements of tropospheric CO2 mixing ratios are needed to study CO2 emissions and CO2 exchange with the land and oceans. 1.6 μm transmitter is based on an injection-seeded KTP optical parametric oscillator. Accurate control of the OPO cavity length ensures powerful single-mode narrow-band pulsed signal radiation out. Combined PMT photon counting technique, this DIAL can profile CO2 through the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and into the free troposphere. A double-pulse 2.05 μm high-energy Ho:Tm:YLF laser, tuned to on- and off-line CO2 absorption wavelengths, has been developed. Transmitter operation and performance have been verified on ground and airborne platform. This instrument has the potential to enhance both spatial and temporal resolution for CO2 global measurement during day and night. The IPDA lidar relies on the measurement of the laser echoes reflected by hard targets as the ground or the top of the vegetation to measure atmospheric CO2 column concentration. The system can take advantage of a less power demanding semiconductor laser in intensity modulated continuous wave operation, benefiting from a better efficiency, reliability and radiation hardness. Such a time-gated technique is a promising way to overcome the sources of systematic errors inherent to passive missions. Coherent detection instruments are generally limited by speckle noise, while direct detection instruments suffer from high detector noise using current technology. The ASCENDS mission will be the first laser spectroscopy from space with the objective to profile CO2 column integrals for climate emissions. The approach uses two tunable pulsed laser transmitters allowing simultaneous measurement of the absorption from a CO2 absorption line in the 1572 nm band, O2 absorption in the oxygen A-band, and surface height and atmospheric backscatter in the same path. To scale for space, It is needed to increase the energy per pulse in each of these wavelengths (1.53 μm and 1.57 μm) to appropriate levels. These are for a 500 km orbit, a 1.5 m diameter telescope and a 10 second integration time, which allows a 70 km along track integration in low earth orbit. HgCdTe APD detector photon counting technique and Si APD photon counting technique will be developed. The on-channel MOPA will be locked to the selected CO2 absorption line using a multi pass CO2 reference cell and a feedback loop based on the Pound-Drver-Hall detector used to generate a low noise error signal, or the lock-in regulator accomplishing top-of-fringe frequency stabilization laser frequency locking equipment. A second feedback loop will be used to stabilize the beat note of the on- and off- channel signal at a fixed 10 GHz offset.
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Hong Guanglie, Zhang Huaping, Liu Hao, et al. Review of measurement for atmospheric CO2 differential absorption lidar[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2018, 45(1): 170452. doi: 10.12086/oee.2018.170452
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Figure 1.
Power in the atmospheric return for on-and off-line pulses. They averaged 1000 pulses for each wavelength
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Figure 2.
CO2 concentration measured by DIAL and LI-COR
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Figure 3.
NASA langley research center layout of the heterodyne lidar. PBS: polarization beam splitter; HWP: half-wave plate; QWP: quarter-wave plate; AOM: acousto-optic modulator
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Figure 4.
The coherent differential absorption lidar (CDIAL) consists in a 2.05-μm pulsed oscillator, a dual-wavelength seeding module locked to a frequency reference system and a coherent detection (2015). EOM: electro-optic modulator; AOM: acousto-optic modulator; PID: proportional integral and differential; PDH: pound drever hall; AOFS: acousto-optic frequency shifter; TDFA: Thulium doped fiber amplifier; PBS: polarization beam splitter; HWP: half-wave plate; QWP: quarter-wave plate; PZT: piezo-electric transducer
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Figure 5.
CDIAL CO2-mixing ratio profiling during the 20-h-long time experiment above Ecole Poly technique campus. Time and space resolution are 15 min and 100 m, respectively. (1–3) is for the cross section reported in Figs. 3(a) and 3(b); (b) Time series of CDIAL and in situ XCO2 measurements; (c) Experimental CDIAL (black line) and in situ (blue line) XCO2 standard deviation (over a slicing 2-h time gate) and CDIAL instrumental standard deviation on XCO2 from α (black dashed line) and WF (red dashed and dotted line)
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Figure 6.
Japan experimental setup of the LD-pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG pumping the PPMgLT optical parametric oscillator (OPO). PZT: piezo-electric transducer; LPF: low pass filter; PBS: polarization beam splitter
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Figure 7.
Japan schematics of the 1.6 μm transmitter for the CO2 DIAL system
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Figure 8.
(a) Detailed block diagram of the OPG/OPA transmitter system; (b) Schematic of the 1.6 μm CO2 DIAL system used for the validation measurements
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Figure 9.
Comparison of the CO2 concentration measurements from the CO2 DIAL and the in situ sensor (LI-7500) at 10 min average intervals
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Figure 10.
Block scheme of the proposed frequency stabilization unit. PLL: phase locked loop; DFB: distributed feedback laser diode
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Figure 11.
System configuration of the 1.6 micron CW modulation hard-target DIAL system
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Figure 12.
Example of two CO2 concentration maps (B, C) obtained during a Pizzo horizontal scan on June 26. Geometry of the scans and location of the plumeare schematically shown in (A). The maps show the distribution of CO2 concentrations in the lidar's field of view (FOV), as a function of heading angle and range.Each map was obtained by interpolation of all CO2 concentration profiles (e.g., same as 3A), obtained during a given Pizzo scan. In the maps, the red coloredhorizontal bands identify the margin of the Pizzo peak (heading angle: 244°~245°), while the volcanic plume is the band of peak CO2 concentration (up to 60 ppm) areas at heading angles of 245°~250°
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Figure 13.
ASENDS (active sensing of CO2 emission over nights, days, and seasons) space measurement concept
